Nanoalum particles containing a pegylated lipid sizing agent

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are nanoalum particles comprising an aluminum salt and a sizing agent, wherein the size of the particle ranges from about 1 nm to 450 nm. Such a nanoalum particles are stable and are amenable to a terminal sterilization step prior to vialing. Compositions comprising the nanoalum particles, and the making and using of the nanoalum particles are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/344,347, filed Jun. 1, 2016, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical and vaccineformulations. More specifically, embodiments described herein relate tonanoalum particles, compositions comprising the nanoalum particles, andmethods of making and using the nanoalum particles.

BACKGROUND

Aluminum salts (collectively referred to as Alum) have been used invaccines for over eight decades due to their good safety profile andtheir ability to induce an enhanced immune response to adsorbed vaccineantigens [1, 2]. As one of the few classes of adjuvants approved by theUS FDA, aluminum salts have an established regulatory pathway as opposedto more novel adjuvant formulations [1]. When dispersed in an aqueoussolution, aluminum salts form heterogeneous aggregate particulates of˜0.5-10 microns (μm) in size, which may make them difficult tocharacterize for quality control compared to formulations withmonodispcrse size populations such as oil-in-water emulsions. Thiscomplexity is compounded by the fact that there are multiple types ofaluminum salts available with distinct properties, including aluminumphosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, and aluminum oxyhydroxide.

Several studies have proposed that the average particle size of anadjuvant formulation is a critical factor that can affect the biologicalactivity of the vaccine (1). Recently, novel synthetic approaches havebeen employed using aluminum salts to de novo manufacture new syntheticformulations containing alum nanoparticles. These syntheticnanoparticles have been described to generate a stronger immune responsewhile decreasing inflammation at the injection site, when compared tomicroparticles [1, 4, 5], Nevertheless, in each of these studies, abottom-up synthetic approach was employed to manufacture the aluminumpanicles, and no comparison was made to clinical aluminum salt adjuvantssuch as Alhydrogel®, making it difficult to interpret the value of thenovel formulations versus the clinically approved material.

Additionally, from a regulatory perspective, clinical aluminum-basedmicroparticles are not capable of being terminally sterilized byfiltration through 0.45 or 0.20 micron filters, and are onlysterilizable by radiation or autoclave; making their manufacture notamenable to a terminal sterilization step when combined with antigens oradjuvants. There exists a need to provide aluminum-based nanoparticlesthat display little to no aggregation, or reduced aggregation, and arecapable of being terminally sterilized prior to being vialed.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides nanoalum particles, compositionscomprising the nanoalum particles, and methods of making and using thenanoalum particles. The nanoalum particles are useful in the field ofpharmaceuticals and/or vaccine formulations. Provided herein arecompositions (including formulations) comprising a plurality of nanoalumparticles comprising an aluminum salt and a sizing agent, wherein thesize of the particles in the composition is less than 1 μm. The termnanoalum particle is used herein to denote that the particle comprisesaluminum and has a size measured in nanometers, typically from 1 nm toabout 450 nm. In some embodiments, the composition is for a terminalsterilization by filter for products according to FDA regulation (suchas use of a <0.45 micron filter). In some embodiments, the size of theparticles present in the composition ranges from about 1 nm to about 450nm. In some embodiments, the average size of the particles in thecomposition ranges from about 1 nm to about 450 nm. In some embodiments,the average size of the particles in the composition ranges from about 1nm to about 200 nm. Nanoalum compositions described here may be producedby processing or milling aluminum hydroxide in the presence of thesizing agent by standard techniques known in the art including, but notlimited to, microfluidization, sonication, and high shear mixing. Highshear mixing can be performed using a high shear mixer. Silverson is onecompany that produces high shear mixers that can be used in the presentmethods.

The nanoalum particles in the compositions are stable and display littleto no aggregation, or reduced aggregation, and are amenable to aterminal sterilization step prior to vialing. The nanoalum particlesprovided herein are useful for the delivery of an agent, such as apolypeptide or a polynucleotide, to an individual. By way of exampleonly, the nanoalum panicles provided herein are useful for the deliveryof antigens and/or adjuvants to a host in order to generate an immuneresponse.

The present disclosure provides for a nanoalum particle comprising: (a)an aluminum salt; and (b) a sizing agent; wherein the size of theparticle ranges from about 1 nm to about 450 nm.

In certain embodiments, the average size of the panicles is theZ-average as determined by dynamic light scattering.

In certain embodiments, the aluminum salt is selected from the groupconsisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide gel, AlPO₄,AlO(OH), Al(OH)(PO₄), and KAl(SO₄)₂.

In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is selected from sizing agentspresented in Table 1. The sizing agent can be selected from the groupconsisting of PAA, PEG, and PEG linked to a lipid. The sizing agent canbe selected from the group consisting of chitosan, dextran (e.g.,dextran sulfate), or poly(allylamine). The sizing agent can be selectedfrom the group consisting of PAA, PEG, PEG linked to a lipid, chitosan,dextran sulfate, or poly(allylamine).

In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PEG linked to aphospholipid. In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PEG and theaverage molecular weight of the PEG ranges from about 750 Daltons toabout 5000 Daltons. In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PEGlinked to a lipid (optionally a phospholipid) and the average molecularweight of the PEG ranges from about 750 Daltons to about 5000 Daltons.In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected from the group consistingof DSPE, DPPE, and DMPE. In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PAAand the average molecular weight of the PAA ranges from about 750Daltons to about 7000 Daltons.

When the sizing agent is chitosan, it can be low molecular weightchitosan (e.g., a molecular weight of from about 15 kDa to about 190kDa), medium molecular weight chitosan (e.g., a molecular weight of fromabout 190 kDa to about 700 kDa) or high molecular weight chitosan (e.g.,a molecular weight of from about 700 kDa to about 1000 kDa). The degreeof deactylation of chitosan (DDA) will vary depending on the method ofpurification and reaction conditions. The degree of deactylation ofchitosan typically ranges from about 40% to about 90% with commercialchitosans typically having a DDA of about 70% to about 90%, howeverchitosans with DDAs greater than 90% or lower than 40% can be used inthe present methods as can chitosans with DDAs from about 40% to about90%, preferably from about 70% to about 90%. In some embodiments, atleast one primary amine group on the C2 carbon of chitosan can be usedas site for covalent conjugation. Accordingly, the term chitosan as usedherein incudes chitosan conjugates, including, but not limited to,mannosylated chitosan or fluorescently labeled chitosan. Chitosan foruse in the present methods is commercially available from many sourcesincluding SIGMA-ALDRICH™.

When the sizing agent is dextran, it can be any of the class 1, 2 or 3dextrans having a molecular weight of equal to or greater than 1000daltons. A particulary preferred dextran for use as a sizing agent isdextran sulfate. Dextran sulfate is typically sold as its sodiumsalt—accordingly, as used herein, the term dextran sulfate also includessalt forms thereof including its sodium salt forms. As with chitosan,when the sizing agent is dextran sulfate, it can be low molecular weight(e.g., 5000 daltons to 100 kDa), medium molecular weight (e.g., 100 kDato 500 kDa) or high molecular weight dextran sulfate (e.g., 500 kDa to1000 or even 2000 kDa). A preferred dextran sulfate has a molecularweight from about 20 kDa to about 80 kDa

Poly(allylamine) is a water soluble cationic polymer with free primaryamino groups that can be used as a sizing agent as described herein.Poly(allylamine) preferably has a molecular weight from about 5 kDa toabout 100 kDa, most preferably about 5 kDa to about 50 kDa, mostpreferably from about 5 kDa to about 25 kDa. Either the free base formof poly(allylamine) can be used or any of its salt forms (e.g.hydrochloric acid salt). The skilled artisan would understand thatpoly(allylamine) polymers with molecular weights greater than 100 kDacan be used in the methods described herein, and, additionally, when asalt form of poly(allylamine) is used, its molecular weight willincrease.

In certain embodiments, the nanoalum particle is in a liquid formulationwhich is filter-sterilized. In certain embodiments, the nanoalumparticle is stable in a liquid formulation at about 0° C. to about 8° C.for at least about 1 month, at least about 6 months, or at least about 1year. In certain embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable in aliquid formulation at about 37° C. for at least about 1 month. Incertain embodiments, the sizing agent is associated with the aluminumsalt.

The present disclosure provides a method of making a nanoalum particlecomprising subjecting an aluminum salt to a high energy source in thepresence of a sizing agent, whereby a nanoalum particle is produced, andwherein the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 1 nm toabout 450 nm.

As will be appreciated by skilled artisan, the nanoalum particles of thepresent invention can be made from larger particles of micrometer size.Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a method of making thedescribed nanoalum particles from precursor aluminum salt particles thatare 0.5 μm to 20 μm in size or 0.5 urn to 10 μm in size.

The present disclosure provides a method of making a nanoalum particlecomprising (a) subjecting an aluminum salt to a high energy source toproduce a nanoalum particle with a size ranging from about 1 nm to about450 nm, and (b) mixing a sizing agent with the nanoalum particle withinabout 30 minutes after step (a).

In certain embodiments, the high energy source is generated from amicrofluidizer, an extruder, a sonicator, high shear mixer (e.g.,silverson mixer), or a homogenizer. Two or more high energy sources canbe used. For example, the high energy source can be generated from amicrofluidizer and a high shear mixer and the mixture comprising thealuminum salt and sizing agent can be passed through the microfluidizerfor one or more passes (e.g., from one pass to about 30 or more passes).In certain embodiments, the high energy source is generated from amicrofluidizer, and the mixture comprising the aluminum salt and sizingagent is passed through the microfluidizer from one pass to about 15passes. In certain embodiments, the aluminum salt is selected from thegroup consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide gel, AlPO₄,AlO(OH), Al(OH)(PO₄), and KAl(SO₄)₂. In certain embodiments, the sizingagent is selected from the group consisting of PAA, PEG, and PEG linkedto a lipid. Alternatively, the sizing agent can be selected from asizing agent set forth in Table 1 or from chitosan, dextran, orpoly(allylamine). In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PEG andthe average molecular weight of the PEG ranges from about 750 Daltons toabout 5000 Daltons. In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PEGlinked to a lipid (optionally a phospholipid) and the average molecularweight of the PEG ranges from about 750 Daltons to about 5000 Daltons.In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected from the group consistingof DSPE, DPPE, and DMPE. In certain embodiments, the sizing agent is PAAand the average molecular weight of the PAA ranges from about 750Daltons to about 7000 Daltons. In certain embodiments, the methodfurther comprises filter-sterilizing the nanoalum particle. In certainembodiments, the ratio of aluminum salt to PEG is between about 2:1 toabout 7.5:1. In embodiments wherein the sizing agent is chitosan orpoly(allylamine), the aluminum salt will undergo surface modificationvia phosphate ligand exchange.

The present disclosure provides a nanoalum particle obtainable orproduced by a method disclosed herein, wherein the size of the nanoalumparticle ranges from about 1 nm to about 450 nm.

The present disclosure provides a composition comprising the nanoalumparticle disclosed herein.

In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises a bioactiveagent. In certain embodiments, the bioactive agent is associated withthe nanoalum particle in the composition. In certain embodiments, morethan about 75% of the bioactive agent is associated with the nanoalumparticle in the composition as determined by gel electrophoresis. Incertain embodiments, the bioactive agent is a polypeptide, apolynucleotide, an antigen, an adjuvant, a diagnostic agent, atherapeutic agent, or an organism. In certain embodiments, the bioactiveagent is a polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide is anantigen, a fusion protein, a full-length protein, a peptide, or apeptide mimetic. In certain embodiments, the antigen is a Rig I agonist.In certain embodiments, the bioactive agent is a polynucleotide. Incertain embodiments, the polynucleotide is DNA. In certain embodiments,the DNA comprises a sequence encoding a polypeptide. In certainembodiments, the DNA is an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide is RNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA is selected fromthe group consisting of replicon RNA, mRNA, (RNA, siRNA, shRNA, andmicroRN A. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises a sequence encodinga polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the composition further comprisesan adjuvant. In certain embodiments, the adjuvant is selected from thegroup consisting of a AS-2, monophosphoryl lipid A, 3-de-O-acylatedmonophosphoryl lipid A, UFA, QS21, CWS, TOM, AGPs, CpG-containingoligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, Leif, saponins,saponin mimetics, biological and synthetic lipid A, imiquimod,gardiquimod, resiquimod, polyI:C, flagellin, GLA, SLA, STING, andcombinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the composition is a liquid formulation. Incertain embodiments, the composition is capable of being filteredthrough a 0.20 micron-sized filter or a 0.45 micron-sized filter. Incertain embodiments, the composition is capable of being terminallysterilized prior to vialing. In certain embodiments, the composition isstable at about 0° C. to about 8° C. for at least about 1 month, atleast about 6 months, or at least about 1 year. In certain embodiments,the composition is stable at about 37° C. for at least about 1 month. Incertain embodiments, the composition further comprises a liposome. Incertain embodiments, the average size of the particles in thecomposition is from about 1 nm to about 450 nm.

The present disclosure provides a kit comprising a first vial containingthe composition disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the kitfurther comprises a second vial containing another agent.

The present disclosure provides a method of stimulating an immuneresponse in a subject comprising administering the composition disclosedherein to a subject, whereby stimulating an immune response in thesubject.

In certain embodiments, the immune response is a non-specific immuneresponse. In certain embodiments, the immune response is anantigen-specific immune response. In certain embodiments, the immuneresponse involves the activation of B-cells, activation of T cells,production of antibodies, or release of cytokines. In certainembodiments, the composition is used for monotherapy. In certainembodiments, the composition is used for the treatment of allergy,addiction, cancer, or autoimmunity. In certain embodiments, the route ofadministration of the composition is oral, intravenous, intradermal,transdermal, nasal, subcutaneous, or anal. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a non-humanmammal. In certain embodiments, the non-human mammal is a dog, cat, cow,or horse.

The present disclosure provides a method of delivering a bioactive agentto a cell in a subject comprising administering to the subject acomposition comprising (a) a nanoalum particle comprising an aluminumsalt and a sizing agent, wherein the size of the particle ranges fromabout 1 nm to about 450 nm and (b) a bioactive agent, thereby deliveringthe bioactive agent to the cell in the subject.

In certain embodiments, the bioactive agent is delivered into the cell.In certain embodiments, the bioactive agent is an RNA comprising asequence encoding a polypeptide and the polypeptide is expressed by thecell. In certain embodiments, the composition generates an immuneresponse in the subject.

The present disclosure provides a method of making a compositioncomprising mixing the nanoalum particle disclosed herein with abioactive agent.

The present disclosure provides a method of making a compositioncomprising the steps: (a) subjecting an aluminum salt to a high energysource in the presence of a sizing agent, whereby a nanoalum particle isproduced, and wherein the size of the nanoalum particle ranges fromabout 1 nm to about 450 nm; and (b) mixing the nanoalum particleproduced in step (a) with a bioactive agent.

The present disclosure provides a method of making a compositioncomprising the steps: (a) subjecting an aluminum salt to a high energysource to produce a nanoalum particle with a size ranging from about 1nm to about 450 nm; (b) mixing a sizing agent with the nanoalum particlewithin about 30 minutes after step (a), and (c) mixing the nanoalumparticle with a bioactive agent during or after step (b).

These and other aspects of the present invention will become evidentupon reference to the following detailed description and attacheddrawings. In addition, various references are set forth herein whichdescribe in more detail certain aspects of this invention, and aretherefore incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-F: Nanoalum Formulations with PAA and PEG Sizing Agents andStability Analysis of Nanoalum Formulations. FIG. 1A demonstrates thatnanoalum formulations processed or milled in the presence of PA A2000 asthe sizing agent subjected to three or six passages at 30K PSI haveaverage particle sizes of around 100 nm with polydispersity of around0.25-0.3. Increasing the milling to 10-15 passages resulted in nanoalumformulations of approximately 78-87 nm with no increase inpolydispersity FIG. 1B-C depicts particle diameter over time of nanoalumformulations with either PEG phospholipid (PEG 5000-DSPE at 2:1 ratio toalum) or PAA as the sizing agent. The formulations having initialparticle sizes of approximately 78 nm were stored at 4° C. for up to oneyear and tested at indicated time points for particle size andpolydispersity. Samples were taken in triplicate. FIG. 1D-F:Thermostability of Nanoalum Formulations. Nanoalum formulations of lessthan 100 nm particle size formulated with pegylated lipids of differingPEG lengths (5000, 2000 and 750) and or differing acyl chain lengths(18, 16 or 14 carbons) were evaluated for thermostability at 25° C., 37°C. or 60° C. for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. QG194 is PEG5000-DSPE; QG195 isPEG2000-DMPE; QG196 is PEG2000-DPPE; QG197 is PEG750-DSPE; QG198 isPEG2000-DSPE.

FIG. 2: Nanoalum formulations having varies sizing agent contain thepredicted alum content. Nanoalum formulation were prepared with PEGsizing agents of differing lengths linked to phospholipids of varyingacyl chain lengths have the predicted alum content. Nanoalumformulations comprised of sizing agents with a phospholipid of 18C(DSPE) and varying PEG lengths of 5000 (sample 1), 2000 (sample 4) and750 (sample 5) contain roughly equivalent amounts of the predicted 4mg/ml alum starting value as measure by ICP-OES testing ranging from 3.9mg/ml for PEG750-DSPE (sample 5) to 4.5 mg/ml for PEG2000-DPPE (sample3).

FIG. 3A-D: Mice were immunized with 2.5 μg of ID97 alone or adjuvantedwith alum, PAA, nanoalum PAA, nanoalum PEG, or the TLR4 agonist GLA-SE.One week after immunization splenocytes were isolated and eitherunstimulated or stimulated with the ID97 protein in the presence ofBrefeldin A for 8 hours at 37° C. Cells were then stained for surfaceexpression of CD4, CD8, and CD44, as well as intracellular expression ofCD154, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-17A. Antigen specificresponses were calculated as the frequency of CD4⁺ T cells making aresponse in the ID97 stimulated samples minus the unstimulated samples.FIG. 3 A shows the frequency of CD4⁺T cells making each responsespecific to ID97. Serum was collected from immunized animals one weekafter immunization and assessed for ID97 binding antibody titers byELISA for the IgG isotype (3B) and IgG1 (3C) and IgG2 subclasses (3D).The data demonstrates that nanoalum PAA augments Th1 responses. Thelegend for FIG. 3B is the same as for 3A and the legend for 3C is thesame as that for 3D.

FIG. 4A-C: Female mice were immunized intramuscularly with saline, alum,nanoalum PAA, or nanoalum PEG. One day later, draining lymph nodes wereremoved and analyzed for secreted cytokines and chemokines by Luminexassay. The data demonstrate that nanoalum PAA augments Th1 skewingcytokines in the draining lymph nodes of mice.

FIG. 5: Wild type mice and IL-18R−/− mice were immunized with 2.5 ug ofID97 and 1 ug of PE recombinant antigens adjuvanted nanoalum PAA. Oneweek after immunization splenocytes were isolated and eitherunstimulated or stimulated with the ID97 protein in the presence ofBrefeldin A for 8 hours at 37 C Cells were then stained for surfaceexpression of CD4, CD8, and CD44, as well as intracellular expression ofCD154, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-17A. Antigen specificresponses were calculated as the frequency of CD4 T cells making aresponse in the ID97 stimulated samples minus the unstimulated samples.The data demonstrates that nanoalum PAA augments Th1 responses via anIL-18R dependent mechanism.

FIG. 6A-C; Mice were immunized with RNA replicon expression vectorsformulated with nanoalum. The data demonstrate that at 24 hours postinjection the RNA replicon admixed with the cationic emulsion at doses30 and 300 fold (1, or 0.1 ug) lower than unformulated RNA (30 μg)demonstrated equivalent expression to the unformulated RNA, whereas thePAA nanoalum demonstrated lower expression (FIG. 6A). However by Day 4and Day 7 post injection the RNA admixed with the either the controlcationic emulsion or the PAA nanoalum demonstrate approximatelyequivalent expression (FIGS. 6B and 6C) at both 1 μg (meg), and 0.1 μg(meg) doses.

FIG. 7A-D: Expression of RNA replicon vectors formulated with nanoalumRNA is not due to the sizing agent in the nanoalum formulation. In FIG.7A-D, the data grouped according to formulation and by dose of thereplicon vector delivered (meg unformulated depicted as a +) 1 μg (meg),and 0.1 μg (meg) respectively) at 24 hours demonstrate that PAA alone(top right panel) does not deliver and/or induce an expressible level ofan RNA replicon at doses of 0.1 or 1.0 μg whereas the same doses of theRNA replicon formulated or admixed either with the control cationicemulsion or PAA nanoalum demonstrates detectable luciferase expression.

FIG. 8A-C: Mice immunized with mRNA formulated with nanoalum express RNAencoded gene products in vivo. The data demonstrate that nanoalumformulations are capable of delivery of and expression from mRNA andhave dose sparing properties compared to unformulated mRNA. FIG. 8Adepicts the relative luminesence observed in animals injected with anmRNA encoding luciferase and imaged for the expression of the luciferasegene. The unformulated mRNA demonstrates detectable expression at both 1μg and 1 μg, but not at 0.1 μg when accessed at 24 hours post injection(left group). However, both the control cationic formulation and the PAAnanoalum formulation (middle and far right groups) not only expressequivalent levels of the mRNA encoded gene at all doses (10 μg, 1 μg,and 0.1 μg) when compared to each other, but they also demonstrateincreased levels of expression (>30 fold) at the 1 μg dose compared tothe unformulated mRNA and have detectable levels of expression at the0.1 μg dose demonstrating dose sparing properties of the nanoalumformulation. FIG. 8B depicts the relative immunofluorescence of animalsimaged for the expression of the mRNA 5 at days post injection. Theunformulated mRNA demonstrates detectable expression of the mRNA encodedgene at 10 μg but not at the lower doses (1 μg and 0.1 μg) and the mRNAformulated in the control cationic formulation demonstrates nodetectable expression at any of the doses delivered (10 μg, 1 μg, 0.1μg) when assessed 5 days post injection (left group and middle). PAANanoalum formulation (far right groups) express >10 fold higher levelsof the luciferase encoded by the mRNA at the 10 μg dose and showsdetectable expression at the 1 μg dose that is roughly equivalent to thelevels observed with 10 μg of unformulated mRNA, demonstrating dosesparing properties of the nanoalum formulation even at 5 days postdelivery of the mRNA. FIG. 8C depicts the relative in vivo expression ofthe mRNA encoded luciferase gene at 6 hours, 24 hours and 5 days afteradmixing as unformulated, control cationic emulsions formulations or PAAnanoalums and injected in vivo. The data demonstrate that the animalsthat were immunized with mRNA formulated with nanoalum formulations haveincreased and relatively steady levels of expression of the mRNA encodedluciferase gene over five days (□) compared to either unformulated mRNA(•) or the control cationic emulsion formulated mRNA (A) which had arapid decline in expression.

FIG. 9A-E: Nanoalum Formulations Stabilize RNA. This figure demonstratesthat when nanoalum formulations (middle group, PAA Nanoalum) are admixedwith RNA, stored as a single vial preparation at 4° C. for 1 hour, 4hours, or 24 hours and subsequently used to immunize mice, the admixedformulations are capable of delivering a replicon RNA construct suchthat the level of luciferase expression from the replicating RNA isequivalent to or greater to formulations admixed and immediatelyadministered at time zero when analyzed at day 1 (FIG. 9A middle group)or day 5 (FIG. 9B middle group). Unformulated RNA replicons demonstrateno detectable expression following storage for 4 or 24 hours when geneexpression is measured either 24 hours or 5 days post admin strati onbut do demonstrate detectable expression if administered eitherimmediately or 1 hour after admixing. Similarly the control cationicformulation demonstrates protection of the RNA replicon when admixed andstored at 4° C. for 1, 4, or 24 hours, with gene expression measured at1 day or 5 days after after injection. FIG. 9C-E are scatter plots ofthe data directly comparing the control cationic formulation, PAAnanoalum, and unformulated replicon respectively. RNA when administeredimmediately after admix with the replicon RNA(T=0, left panel 9C),administered 4 hours after admixing and storage at 4° C. (T=1 h, middlepanel 9D) or admixed and stored for 24 hours (T=24 h, right panel 9E) at4° C. Gene expression is measured at day 5 post administration to theanimals by relative luminesence units. Luciferase expression levelesdemonstrate that the nanoalum formulated RNA is stable when admixed as asingle vial formulation at 4° C. for up to 24 hours compared tounformulated RNA.

FIG. 10A-E: Mice immunized with RNA replicon expression vectors encodinga leishmaniasis fusion protein formulated with nanoalum express RNA invivo and elicit dose sparing antigen specific immune responses. Thisfigure demonstrates that mice immunized with an RNA replicon vectorencoding a Leishmaniasis fusion polynucleotide, EMCH, generate antigenspecific responses. FIG. 10A-D demonstrate that immunization with 100fold lower doses of EMCH RNA formulated with control cationic emulsionor PAA nanoalum generates approximately equivalent percentages of CD4+CD44 high CD154. IFN γ, IL-2 or TNFα cytokine producing T cells as 10 μgof unformulated RNA compared to little or no cytokine inductionfollowing administration of 0.1 μg of unformulated RNA replicon. FIG.10E: The hallmark of protective Leishmaniasis immune response includesthe presence of polyfunctional antigen specific T cells that secretemultiple cytokines. CD4+ CD44 high T cells were further analyzed forpolyfunctional T cells responses. The data demonstrate that miceimmunized with 100 ng of EMCH RNA replicon formulated with PAA nanoalum(hatched bar) or the formulated with the control cationic emulsion(diagonal slashed bar) had equivalent numbers of triple positive CD44highIFN-γ+IL-2+TNFα CD4+ T cells to the 10 μg unformulated RNA (solidblack bar) immunized animals. Double positive cells expressing IFN-γ andIL-2 or IL-2 and TNFα were also present. The data demonstrate PAAnanoalum formulations are capable of delivering RNA that is expressed ata level sufficient to generate relevant antigen specific immuneresponses.

FIG. 11A-B demonstrate that mice immunized with nanoalum formulationshaving nanoalum particle sizes of 400 nm, 130 nm or 75 nm adsorbed tothe TB fusion peptide ID93 elicit antigen specific immune responses.FIG. 11A demonstrates that nanoalum formulations elicit antigen specificIgG1 antibody titers indicative of a Th2 bias. FIG. 11B demonstratesthat nanoalum formulations plus the TLR4 agonist, SLA, elicit antigenspecific IgG2c antibody titers indicative of a Th1 bias

FIG. 12A-C demonstrates that mice immunized with PEG nanoalumformulations comprising either PEGylated phospholipid sizing agents withdiffering PEG lengths or the same PEG length linked to phospholipids ofdiffering acyl chain lengths and admixed with TB Alston peptide ID93plus the TLR4 agonist SLA elicit antigen specific immune responses.

FIG. 13A-B. FIG. 13A demonstrates the effect of the number ofmicrofluidization passes at 30,000 psi on hydrodynamic size of nanoalumsynthesized using AdjuPhos® precursor and 120 kDa chitosan with 75-85%DD. 13B demonstrates the hydrodynamic diameter and PDI of nanoalummanufactured using AdjuPhos® adjuvant as precursor and varying amountsof 120 kDa chitosan with 75-85% DD. Samples were microfluidized at30,000 psi for 22 discrete passes.

FIG. 14-B. FIG. 14A provides the particle size of Alhydrogel®-derivednanoalum (0.2% w/v Al) stabilized with 40 kDa dextran sulfate.Microfluidization done at 30,000 psi. FIG. 14B displays the particlesize stability data for nanolum-dextran lot QG774 (0.2% w/valuminum+0.22% dextran sulfate-40 kDa) stored at 5° C., 25° C. and 37°C.

FIG. 15A-B: FIG. 15A provides the zeta potential of native Alhydrogel®adjuvant before and after treatment with PBS buffer containing 67 mMphosphate. FIG. 15B demonstrates the particle diameter (Z-average) andsize distribution of Alhydrogel®-derived nanoalum (0.2% w/v Al or 2mgAl/ml) stabilized with various amounts of chitosan. Size data werecollected immediately after microfluidization and before sterilefiltration.

FIG. 16 demonstrates the effect of poly(allylamine) (PAH) fraction onthe particle size and size distribution of nanoalum synthesized fromPE-Alhydrogel®.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure described herein provides nanoalum particles,compositions comprising the nanoalum particles, and methods of makingand using the nanoalum particles.

I. Definitions

The following terms have the following meanings unless otherwiseindicated. Any undefined terms have their art recognized meanings.[0052] in the present description, the terms “about” and “consistingessentially of” mean±20% of the indicated range, value, or structure,unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, the terms “about” and“consisting essentially of” mean±15%; ±10%; or ±5% of the indicatedrange, value, or structure, unless otherwise indicated.

The use of the alternative (e.g., “or”) should be understood to meaneither one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives.

As used herein, the terms “include,” “have” and “comprise” are usedsynonymously, which terms and variants thereof are intended to beconstrued as non-limiting.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,”and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise.

The term “bioactive agent” as used herein refers to any material to bedelivered by the nanoalum formulations of the present disclosure andinclude without limitation macromolecules, peptides, proteins,peptidomimetics, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides,ribonucleotides, mRNA, RNAi, RigI, replicon RNA, adjuvants including TLRagonists (for example TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR 7, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists),saponins, whole viral particles, viral fragments, cellular fragments.Also included within the term bioactive agent are, for example,aptamers, carbohydrates, conjugated carbohydrates and virus-likeparticles.

The term “macromolecule” as used herein refers to large moleculesexemplified by, but not limited to, peptides, proteins, oligonucleotidesand polynucleotides of biologic or synthetic origin. Also includedwithin the term macromolecule are, for example, carbohydrates.

The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide”, and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of anylength. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modifiedamino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The termsalso encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally orby intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation,lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation ormodification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Alsoincluded within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containingone or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnaturalamino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the an whichincludes peptidomimetic compounds which are derived from peptides andproteins by structural modification using unnatural amino acids.

The term “isolated” means the molecule has been removed from its naturalenvironment.

“Purified” means that the molecule has been increased in purity, suchthat it exists in a form that is more pure than it exists in its naturalenvironment and/or when initially synthesized and/or amplified underlaboratory conditions. Purity is a relative term and does notnecessarily mean absolute purity. In some embodiments, purified can mean99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80% more pure than it exists inits natural environment and/or when initially synthesized and/oramplified under laboratory conditions.

A “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid.” as used interchangeably herein,refers to polymers of nucleotides of any length, include DNA and RNA.The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modifiednucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can beincorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase, or by a syntheticreaction. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such asmethylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification tothe nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of thepolymer. The polynucleotides of the present disclosure includeribonucleotides (for example RNA, RNAi, tRNA, and mRNA as terms wellknown in the art.) and deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) know in the art andmay be single or double stranded molecules.

“Oligonucleotide,” as used herein, generally refers to short, generallysingle stranded, generally synthetic polynucleotides that are generally,but not necessarily, less than about 200 nucleotides in length. Theterms “oligonucleotide” and “polynucleotide” are not mutually exclusive.The description above for polynucleotides is equally and fullyapplicable to oligonucleotides. Examples include Rig 1 agonists.

A “replicon” as used herein includes any genetic element, for example, aplasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus that is capable of replicationlargely under its own control. A replicon may be either RNA or DNA andmay be single or double stranded.

An “individual” or a “subject” is any mammal. Mammals include, but arenot limited to humans, primates, farm animals, sport animals, pets (suchas cats, dogs, horses), and rodents.

“Alkyl” is a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon. For example, analkyl group can have 1 to 30 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl) or 1 to20 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₂₀ alkyl) or 1 to 10 carbon atoms (i.e.,(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl) or 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₈)alkyl) or 1 to 6carbon atoms (i.e., (C₁-C₆)alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e.,(C₁-C₄)alkyl). This term includes, by way of example, linear andbranched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH₃—), ethyl (CH₃CH₂—),n-propyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂—), isopropyl ((CH₃)₂CH—), n-butyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—),isobutyl ((CH₃)₂CHCH₂—), sec-butyl ((CH₃)(CH₃CH₂)CH—), t-butyl((CH₃)₃C—), n-pentyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), neopentyl ((CH₃)₃CCH₂—), andn-hexyl (CH₃(CH₂)₅—).

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as definedherein. Alkoxy includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and the like.

“Carboxyl ester” or “carboxy ester” refers to the groups —C(O)O-alkyland —C(O)O-substituted alkyl, wherein alkyl and substituted alkyl are asdefined herein.

II. General Techniques

The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwiseindicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, recombinantDNA, biochemistry, and chemistry, which are within the skill of the art.Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g.,Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Sambrook et al., ed.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: (1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I andII (D. N. Glover cd., 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed.,1984); Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; Nucleic AcidHybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); B. Perbal, APractical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods InEnzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); and in Ausubel et al., CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md.(1989).

III. Nanoalum Particles

The nanoalum particles provided herein comprise an aluminum salt(interchangeably referred to as an alum) and a sizing agent, wherein thesize of the particle ranges from about 1 nm to 450 nm. Discussion of thealuminum salts and sizing agents are provided below.

A. Aluminum Salts

The compositions described herein can comprise an aluminum salt, whichcan be referred to herein as alum. Suitable aluminum salts includealuminum hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, aluminum oxyhydroxide, aluminumphosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate, aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate,and potassium aluminum sulfate. Aluminum salts can also be referred toby the formulae: Al(OH)₃, AlH₃O₃, AlH₆O₃, AlO(OH), Al(OH)(PO₄), andKAl(SO₄)₂. The skilled artisan will appreciate that aluminumhydroxyphosphate is nonstoichiometric and although it is representedherein as Al(OH)(PO₄), the ratio of surface hydroxyls to phosphates varydepending on the manufacturing conditions and as such is more accuratelyrepresented by the formula: Al(OH)_(x)(PO₄)_(y).

Aluminum salts used as co-adjuvants are advantageous because they have agood safety record, augment antibody responses, stabilize antigens, andare relatively simple for large-scale production. (Edelman 2002 Mol.Biotechnol. 21:129-148; Edelman, R. 1980 Rev. Infect. Dis. 2:370-383.)

In certain embodiments, the aluminum salt is Alhydrogel®, an aluminumhydroxide or aluminum oxyhydroxide. Alhydrogel® has an overall positivecharge and can readily adsorb negatively charged moieties. Alhydrogel®can also be referred to as Amphojel; Aluminum hydroxide gel; Hydratedalumina; Aluminum trihydroxide; or Alugelibye.

In certain embodiments, the aluminum salt is AdjuPhos®, an aluminumphosphate. AdjuPhos® has an overall negative charge and can readilyadsorb positively charged moieties.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that in embodiments wherein thealuminum salt and sizing agent to be used have the same surface charge,it is desirable to subject the aluminum salt to surface modificationsuch that its charge can be reversed thereby allowing for attractionbetween the sizing agent and the aluminum salt. As an example, when thealuminum salt has a cationic surface charge (e.g., ALO(OH)) and thesizing agent has a cationic surface charge (e.g., chitosan,poly(allylamine)), ligand exchange (e.g., phosphate ligand exchange)acts to change the surface charge of the aluminum salt to anionicthereby allowing for interaction between the sizing agent and thealuminum salt.

B. Sizing Agents

In some embodiments, the size of the nanoalum particle is maintainedbecause the sizing agent reduces, blocks, or retards the aggregation ofthe processed or milled aluminum salt, when compared to a nanoalumcomprising an aluminum salt in the absence of a sizing agent.

In some embodiments the sizing agent is added during the processingaluminum salt by high energy input such as sonication ormicrofluidization to achieve the desired nanoalum particle size. In someembodiments the sizing agent is added after processing aluminum salt byhigh energy input such as sonication or microfluidization to achieve thedesired nanoalum particle size. In some embodiments when the sizingagent is added after processing aluminum salt to achieve the desirednanoalum particle size by high energy input such as sonication ormicrofluidization the sizing agent is added immediately after processingor about 0.5 minutes, 0.5-1.0 minute, 1.0-1.5 minutes, 1.5-2.0 minutes,2.0-2.5 minutes, 2.5-3.0 minutes, 3.0-3.5 minutes, 3.5-4.0 minutes,4.0-4.5 minutes, 4.5-5.0 minutes, 5.05-5.5 minutes, 5.5-6.0 minutes,6.0-6.5 minutes, 6.5-7.0 minutes, 7.0-7.5 minutes, 7.5-8.0 minutes,8.0-8.5 minutes, 8.5-9.0 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 12 minutes,about 14 minutes, about 16 minutes, about 18 minutes, about 20 minutes,about 22 minutes, about 24 minutes, about 26 minutes, about 28 minutes,about 30 minutes after processing aluminum salt to achieve the desirednanoalum particle size.

In some embodiments, the sizing agent is one that changes the surfaceproperties of the aluminum salt. In some embodiments, the sizing agentis one that stabilizes the size of the aluminum salt.

In some embodiments, the sizing agent is one that stabilizes or protectsa bioactive agent. Examples of bioactive agents include, but are notlimited to an antigen, adjuvant, TLR agonist, peptide mimetic, peptide,polypeptide, protein, nucleotide, polynucleotide, RNA, DNA, whole viralgenome, and whole virus. The bioactive agent can be delivered by thenanoalum formulations of the present disclosure. In some embodiments,the sizing agent protects or shields the bioactive agent from oxidation.In some embodiments, the sizing agent protects or shields the bioactiveagent from heat stress, which can include factors of heat temperatureand time. In some embodiments the sizing agent protects or shields thebioactive agent from cold stress, which can include factors of coldtemperature and time. In some embodiments, the sizing agent protects orshields the bioactive agent from degradation. In some embodiments, thesizing agent is one that shields or protects the bioactive agent to bedelivered by the nanoalum formulations of the present disclosure fromdegradation or inactivation when exposed to serum or blood components.In some embodiments the sizing agent protects or shields the bioactiveagent such that the agent may be formulated with the nanoparticles as astable single vial formulation.

In some embodiments, the presence of the sizing agent reduces, blocks,or retards the aggregation or re-aggregation of the aluminum salt by atleast 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, atleast 80%, at least 90%, or even blocks the aggregation orre-aggregation of the aluminum salt by nearly 100% as compared to ananoalum particle formed in the absence of the sizing agent.

In the nanoalum particles provided herein, the sizing agent isassociated with the aluminum salt. In some embodiments, the sizing agentis directly bound to the aluminum salt. In some embodiments the sizingagent is adsorbed to the nanoalum particle. In some embodiments, thesizing agent is associated with the aluminum salt by ligand-exchange. Insome embodiments, the sizing agent is associated with the aluminum saltby charge/electrostatic interactions. In some embodiments, the sizingagent is associated with the aluminum salt via a phosphate head groupfound on the sizing agent. In some embodiments, the sizing agent isfurther linked to a lipid. In some embodiments, the sizing agent isfurther linked to a phospholipid.

Table 1 provides a non-limiting list of sizing agents for inclusion inthe nanoalum particles provided herein.

TABLE 1 Sizing Agents Acronym Name Structure PEG Polyethylene glycolH—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(n)—OH PAA Polyacrylic acid

PCL Polycaprolactone

PLA Poly(lactic) acid

PLGA Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PVA Polyvinyl alcohol

PVA PVA grafted with a (See PVA and PLGA above) chain polymeric PVAbackbone can be modified to create substrate (e.g., PVA- negativelycharged or positively charged grafted PLGA polymer) properties usingsulfobutyl or amine moieties PVP Polyvinyl pyrrolidone

Kollidon ® SR, which is PVP and PVAC (polyvinyl acetate) Polymer matrixcombined with PVP

Chitosan

Alginate Anionic block polymer (1-4)-linked β-D- mannuronate (M) and itsC-5 epimer α-L- guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linkedtogether in different sequences or blocks.

Hyaluronic acid

BSA Bovine serum albumin Can be cross-linked with glutaraldehyde or oralbumin polyethyleneimine (PEI) PLGA-PEG-PLGA ReGEL

PEG-PLGA-PEG Triblock copolymers

“Second generation” e.g., branched poly [sulfobutyl-poly(vinyl alcohol)-negatively charged g-(lactide-co-glycolide)] (SB-PVA-g-PLGA) polymerSulfobutyl groups are covalently conjugated to PVA backbone. “Thirdgeneration” e.g., amino-PVA-g-PLGA positively charged Various aminogroups are attached to the PVA polymer backbone, which is positivelycharged. Poloxamer (Pluronics) Non-ionic triblock copolymers composed ofhydrophilic polyethylene oxide

(PEO) and hydrophobic poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) blocks, designated asPEO- PPO-PEO. Polyoxazoline Poly(2-alkyl-2- oxazolines)

PPE Polyphosphates

Poly(lysine)

PEI Polyethyleneimine

Polyphospahzenes

Dextran sulfate (sodium salt)

Poly(allylamine) (Free base form)

In some embodiments, the sizing agent is polyacrylic acid (PAA). In someembodiments, the average molecular weight of the PAA ranges from about500 to 7000; 1000 to 7000; 1500 to 7000; 2000 to 7000; 2500 to 7000;3000 to 7000; 3500 to 7000; 4000 to 7000; 4500 to 7000; 5000 to 7000;5500 to 7000; 6000 to 7000; or 6500 to 7000. In some embodiments, theaverage molecular weight of the PAA ranges from about 500 to 1000; 500to 1500; 500 to 2000; 500 to 2500, 500 to 3000; 500 to 3500; 500 to4000, 500 to 4500, 500 to 5000, 500 to 5500; 500 to 6000; 500 to 6500,or 500 to 7000. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of thePAA ranges from about 1000 to 3000 or 1500 to 2500. In some embodiments,the average molecular weight of the PAA is about 7000, 6500, 6000, 5500,5000, 4500, 4000, 3500, 3000, 2500, 2400, 2300, 2200, 2100, 2000, 1900,1800, 1700, 1600, 1500, 1400, 1300, 1250, 1200, 1100, 1000, or 500. Insome embodiments, the average molecular weight of the PAA is about 5000,2000, 1250, 1200, or 1000. In some embodiments, the average molecularweight of the PAA is about 2000.

In some embodiments, the sizing agent is polyethylene glycol (PEG). Insome particular embodiments, the average molecular weight of the PEG orPEG length ranges from about 500 Daltons to about 6000 Daltons. In someparticular embodiments, the average molecular weight of the PEG or PEGlength ranges from about 750 Daltons to about 5000 Daltons. In someembodiments, the average molecular weight of the PEG or PEG lengthranges from about 750 to 1000; 750 to 1500; 750 to 2000; 750 to 2500,750 to 3000; 750 to 3500; 750 to 4000; 750 to 4500; or 750 to 5000Daltons. In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the PEG orPEG length ranges from about 4500 to 5000, 4000 to 5000; 3500 to 5000;3000 to 5000; 2500 to 5000; 2000 to 5000, 1500 to 5000; 1000 to 5000; or750 to 5000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the average molecular weightof the PEG or PEG length ranges from about 500 to 1000; 500 to 750; or750 to 1000 Daltons. In some embodiments, the average molecular weightof the PEG or PEG length ranges from about 1500 to 2500; 1500 to 2000,or 2000 to 2500 Daltons. In some embodiments, the average molecularweight of the PEG or PEG length ranges from about 4500 to 5500; 4500 to5000; or 5000 to 5500 Daltons. In one exemplary embodiment, the sizingagent is PEG750. In one exemplary embodiment, the sizing agent isPEG2000. In one exemplary embodiment, the sizing agent is PEG5000.

C. Lipids Linked to the Sizing Agent

In some embodiments, the sizing agent is further linked to a lipid orphospholipid. Table 2 provides a non-limiting list of lipids which canbe linked to the sizing agent. In one exemplary embodiment, the sizingagent is PEG, and the PEG is linked to DSPE. In a certain embodiment,the sizing agent is PEG, and the PEG is linked to DPPE. In a certainembodiment, the sizing agent is PEG, and the PEG is linked to DMPE.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is a phospholipid or a quaternaryammonium salt lipid. In certain embodiments, the lipid is a phospholipidthat is a phosphatidylcholine or a phosphoglyceride. In certainembodiments, the lipid comprises any of the following moieties:

wherein X⁻ is an alkali metal counterion and Y⁺ is a halide counterion.

In certain embodiments, the surfactant is a poloxamer:

wherein a is 2-130 and b is 15-67.

In certain embodiments, the lipid comprises a C₁₀₋₂₀ alkyl chain. Incertain embodiments, the lipid comprises a C₁₂₋₁₈ alkyl chain.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is anionic. In certain embodiments,the lipid is cationic. In certain embodiments, the lipid is overallneutrally charged. In certain embodiments, the lipid is a zwitterion.

In certain embodiments, suitable lipids are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Lipids Polysorbate 80

Poloxamer 188

DLPC

DMPC

DPPC

DSPC

DOPC

POPC

DLPG

DMPG

DPPG

DSPG

DOPG

DSTAP

DPTAP

DSPE

DPPE

DMPE

DLPE

In certain embodiments, the lipid is Poloxamer 188.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected from DLPG, DMPG, DPPG,DSPG, DOPG, DSTAP, and DPTAP. In certain embodiments, the lipid isselected from DLPG, DMPG, DPPG, DSPG, and DOPG. In certain embodiments,the lipid is selected from DSTAP and DPTAP

In certain embodiments, the lipid is DSPG. In certain embodiments, thelipid is DSTAP.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is DPTAP.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected from DSPG, DSTAP, andPoloxamer 188.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected from DLPC, DMPC, DPPC,DSPC, DOPC, and POPC. In certain embodiments, the lipid is selected fromDLPC, DSPC, and DOPC.

In certain embodiments the lipid is DSPG. In an exemplary embodiment,the sizing agent PEG is linked to DSPE in the nanoalum particle.

In certain embodiments the lipid is DPPE. In an exemplary embodiment,the sizing agent PEG is linked to DPPE in the nanoalum particle.

In certain embodiments the lipid is DMPE. In an exemplary embodiment,the sizing agent PEG is linked to DMPE in the nanoalum particle.

In certain embodiments, the lipid is DLPE. In an exemplary embodiment,the sizing agent PEG is linked to DLPE in the nanoalum particle.

D. Methods or Making a Nanoalum Particle

Provided herein is a nanoalum particle comprising an aluminum salt and asizing agent, wherein the size of the nanoalum particle ranges fromabout 1 nm to 450 nm. The present disclosure provides methods forpreparing such nanoalum particles.

The method for making a nanoalum particle comprises subjecting analuminum salt to a high energy source or high energy sheer force in thepresence of a sizing agent, whereby the size of the aluminum salt isreduced and a nanoalum particle is produced, and wherein the size of thenanoalum particle ranges from about 1 nm to 450 nm.

In certain embodiments, the alum is processed or milled in the presenceof the sizing agent or that the sizing agent is added to the milled alumat least seconds, minutes, or hours after processing. In someembodiments, the alum is processed and immediately lyophilized or driedand the sizing agent is added upon reconstitution or within seconds,minutes, hours of reconstitution. Processing or milling occurs usingstandard techniques known in the art including sonication, high shearmixing (e.g., silverson mixing) and microfluidization. Another standardtechnique known in the an that can be used in the present methods ishigh pressure homogenization.

In some embodiments the high energy source provides at least 5000 PSI,at least 10,000 PSI, at least 15,000 PSI at least 20,000 PSI, at least25,000 PSI, at least 30,000 PSI, at least 35,000 PSI, at least 40,000PSI, at least 45,000 PSI, or at least 50,000 PSI. In some embodimentsthe high energy source provides about 5000 to 50000; 5000 to 10000; 5000to 15000; 5000 to 20000; 5000 to 25000; 5000 to 30000; 5000 to 35000,5000 to 40000; 5000 to 45000; or 5000 to 50000 PSI. In some embodimentsthe high energy source provides about 45000 to 50000; 40000 to 50000;35000 to 50000, 30000 to 50000; 25000 to 50000, 20000 to 50000; 15000 to50000; 10000 to 50000; or 5000 to 50000 PSI. In some embodiments thehigh energy source provides about 25000 to 35000; 25000 to 30000; or30000 to 35000 PSI. In some embodiments the high energy source providesabout 30000 PSI.

In some embodiments, the high energy source is a high shear source.

In some embodiments the high energy source is a microfluidizer.Microfluidization is used to describe a process in which compositionsare exposed to high shear force. In some embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the compositions are processed by an instrument or a deviceknown as a MICROFLUIDIZER®.

In some embodiments the high energy source is an extruder.

In some embodiments the high energy source is a sonicator.

In some embodiments the high energy source is a homogenizer.

In some embodiments the aluminum salt and the sizing agent are subjectedto least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, or 100passes of the high shear force. In some embodiments the aluminum saltand the sizing agent are subjected to 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-30,31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, or 91-100 passes of the highshear force. In some embodiments the aluminum salt and the sizing agentare subjected to 3, 6, or 10 passes of the high shear force.

In some embodiments, the method for making the nanoalum particles of thepresent disclosure is performed at 0° C., at 4° C., at 25° C., at 30°C., at 50° C., or at 60° C. In some embodiments, the method for makingthe nanoalum particles of the present disclosure is performed at 0-4,5-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, or56-60° C. In some embodiments, the method for making the nanoalumparticles of the present disclosure is performed at 14° C.

In some embodiments, the starting concentration of the aluminum salt is10 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the starting concentration of thealuminum salt is 4 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the startingconcentration of the aluminum salt is 2 mg/ml. In some embodiments, thestarting concentration of the aluminum salt is 0.5 to 10 mg/ml, 1 to 10mg/ml, 0.5 to 5 mg/ml; 1 to 5 mg/ml; 0.5 to 4 mg/ml; 0.5 to 3 mg/ml; or0.5 to 3 mg/ml.

In some embodiments, the starting size of the aluminum salt is 1 μm. Insome embodiments, the starting size of the aluminum salt is 0.5 to 5 μm;0.5 to 4 μm; 0.5 to 3 μm; 0.5 to 2 μm; or 0.5 to 1 μm.

In some embodiments, a nanoalum particle described herein is produced bymilling or processing according to methods described herein in thepresence of a sizing agent, and has an average particle size of 1-450nm. In certain embodiments, a synthetic nanoalum may include syntheticalum as has been described in the art which is de novo synthesized toproduce the appropriate alum particle size to which a sizing agent ofthe present disclosure has been added to create a stable aqueousnanoalum formulation. Nanoalum particles of the formulation may be mixedwith pharmaceutically acceptable excipients known in the art to producenanoalum compositions or formulations.

As used herein, the terms “milling,” “sizing,” or “processing” refers toa process of treating a solution of alum in order to achieve nano sizeparticles. The process includes processing an alum composition(including formulation) via high energy source or input to reduce theaggregation of the alum particles as measured by a reduced averageparticle size below 0.52-10 μm. Suitable examples of energy input toachieve nanoalum compositions include, but are not limited to, highshear mixing (such as ultrasonication or high shear mixing with aSilverson high shear mixer), extrusion, homogenization andmicrofluidization. In some embodiments, high shear mixing is performedat 1000, 2000, 5000, or 10,000 rpms for 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes,or 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the microfluidizer is aMicrofluidics M110P (Newton, Mass.), equipped with a diamond F12Yinteraction chamber followed by a ceramic H30Z auxiliary processingmodule. In some embodiments, the alum compositions are microfluidized atpressures of 3,000 PSI 5,000 PSI, 10,000 PSI, 15,000 PSI, or 30,000 PSI.In some embodiments, the solution of alum is processed by amicrofluidizer with a recirculation water water temperature of 60° C.,40° C., 20° C. or 4° C. to achieve nanoalum compositions. In someembodiments, the solution of alum is milled or processed at least about1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, or 30 passages to reproducibly achievenanoparticles of the present disclosure having an average particle sizeof 1-450 nm in size. In some embodiments, the solution of alum ismicrofluidized for up to 10 passages at 30,000 PSI with a recirculating4° C. water to prevent temperature increase during processing. In someembodiment, the solution of alum is processed in the presence of thesizing agent. In some embodiments, the ratio of the sizing agent to alumis 30:1, 20:1, 15:1, 10:1, 7.5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1.5:1, 0.5:1, or0.25:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the sizing agent to alum is7.5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 or 1:1.

It is understood that certain variables can be controlled in a method ofpreparing a nanoalum particle of the embodiments. Certain variablesinclude, but are not limited to, the sizing agent, the type of highenergy source, the pressure exerted by the high energy source, thenumber of passes of the mixture through the high energy source, thetemperature at which the process takes place, the concentration ofsizing agent, the point in the method wherein the sizing agent is addedto the aluminum, and the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agentby weight.

TABLE 3 Effect of PEG Lengths or Molecular Weight and Milling Process onSizing Agent Sizing *Ratio PEG Agent Alum:Sizing Z-Ave (d · nm) ± ErrorPdI ± Error Length mg/ml Agent 3 P 6 P 10 P 3 P 6 P 10 P CommentsPEG5000 4 1:1 329 ± 4.3 287 ± 5.6 514 ± 9.3 0.4 ± 0.012 0.39 ± 0.0090.31 ± 0.009 4 1:1 333 ± 3.7 288 ± 4 260 ± 2.8 0.45 ± 0.013 0.37 ± 0.0530.3 ± 0.001 Silverson (5 k, 5′) 4 1:1 304 ± 8.9 349 ± 3.8 214 ± 0.2 0.41± 0.038 0.5 ± 0.008 0.28 ± 0.007 60° C. water bath 4 1:1 368 ± 16 296 ±5.9 376 ± 5.3 0.48 ± 0.006 0.32 ± 0.006 0.37 ± 0.059 20° C.- 110 P 4 1:1218 ± 4.5 203 ± 6.7 192 ± 4.9 0.32 ± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.014 0.27 ± 0.016 40°C.- 110 P 3 1:1 244 ± 10 184 ± 4.6 340 ± 3 0.37 ± 0.008 0.3 ± 0.033 0.51± 0.031 20° C.- 110 P 4 1:1 261 ± 14.7 227 ± 8.4 401 ± 8.6 0.42 ± 0.0380.38 ± 0.05 0.59 ± 0.101 40° C.- 110 P 4 1:1 395 ± 24.2 541 ± 16.9 995 ±46.9 0.52 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.039 0.71 ± 0.075 4° C.-110 P 6   1:1.5 106 ±3.9 102 ± 2 100 ± 1.9 0.26 ± 0.009 0.25 ± 0.005 0.24 ± 0.027 4° C.-110 P8 1:2 81 ± 1.7 73 ± 0.5 68 ± 0.4 0.18 ± 0.015 0.17 ± 0.012 0.16 ± 0.0074° C.-110 P 8 1:2 79 ± 1.7 72 ± 1.2 69 ± 1.3 0.14 ± 0.015 0.16 ± 0.0320.15 ± 0.009 4° C.-110 P 8 1:2 79 ± 2 72 ± 1.7 67 ± 1.6 0.14 ± 0.0120.15 ± 0.016 0.15 ± 0.009 4° C. 110 P 8 1:2 LP** 130 − 120 4° C. 110 P 81:2 1-10 μm ***Microfluidize lipid alone bench top mix with alum 4° C.110 P PEG2000 1.9  ~1:0.5 901 ± 24 875 ± 10 907 ± 64 0.2 ± 0.011 0.25 ±0.011 0.37 ± 0.078 4° C. 110 P 3.8 ~1:1  2472 ± 68.2 1999 ± 88 1709 ±13.8 0.24 ± 0.076 0.24 ± 0.026 0.31 ± 0.015 4° C. 110 P 6   1:1.5 1755 ±43.2 2020 ± 137.3 1974 ± 90 0.38 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.162 0.1 ± 0.063 4° C.110 P 8 1:2 1742 ± 192.7 2106 ± 94 2318 ± 241.3 0.3 ± 0.129 0.48 ± 0.0570.55 ± 0.066 4° C. 110 P 10   1:2.5 78 ± 0.2 75 ± 0.2 77 ± 0.5 0.21 ±0.002 0.19 ± 0.004 0.17 ± 0.004 4° C. 110 P PEG750 1    1:0.25 1206 ± 81025 ± 24 1005 ± 55 0.2 ± 0.031 0.22 ± 0.08 0.27 ± 0.087 4° C. 110 P 2  1:0.5 910 ± 73 1080 ± 26.7 1086 ± 56.8 0.42 ± 0.084 0.26 ± 0.04 0.31 ±0.111 4° C. 110 P 4 1:1 2080 ± 13.3 986 ± 37.2 1909 ± 120.7 0.15 ± 0.0160.58 ± 0.019 0.55 ± 0.082 4° C. 110 P 10   1:2.5 530 ± 44.1 454 ± 0.4741 ± 43.4 0.85 ± 0.207 0.91 ± 0.017 0.8 ± 0.047 4° C. 110 P 20 1:5 102± 1.1 91 ± 1.2 79 ± 0.7 0.24 ± 0.003 0.24 ± 0.006 0.24 ± 0.006 4° C. 110P 30   1:7.5 100 ± 1.9 86 ± 0.6 80 ± 1 0.23 ± 0.009 0.24 ± 0.006 0.24 ±0.013 4° C. 110 P PAA2000 4.8 *1:3  76.33 ± 4° C. 110 P *Alum is a 4mg/ml solution except for PAA in which the alum is 1.6 mg/ml. BoldedSizing Agent mg/ml, Ratio Alum:Sizing Agent and Z-Ave (d · nm) ± Error)values in Table 3 represent conditions which produce nanoalums of thepresent disclosure.

It is understood that certain variables and combinations thereof can beinvolved in a method of preparing a nanoalum particle of theembodiments, such as shown in Table 3.

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG5000, the method may have any one or moreof the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the temperature at which the process takes place is about 4° C.;e) the concentration of alum is about 4 mg/mlf) the concentration of sizing agent is about 8 mg/ml; andg) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:2.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(g). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(g) (g). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).In another variation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c),(d), and (f). In another variation, the method conforms to features (a),(b), (c). (d), and (g).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG2000, the method may have any one or moreof the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the temperature at which the process takes place is about 4° C.;e) the concentration of alum is 4 mg/ml;f) the concentration of sizing agent is about 10 mg/ml; andg) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:2.5.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(g). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(g). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).In another variation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c),(d), and (f). In another variation, the method conforms to features (a),(b), (c), (d), and (g).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG750, the method may have any one or more ofthe following features.

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the temperature at which the process takes place is about 4° C.;e) the concentration of alum is 4 mg/ml;f) the concentration of sizing agent is about 30 mg/ml; andg) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:7.5.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(g). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(g). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).In another variation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c),(d), and (f). In another variation, the method conforms to features (a),(b), (c), (d), and (g).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG750, the method may have any one or more ofthe following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the temperature at which the process takes place is about 4° C.;e) the concentration of alum is 4 mg/ml;f) the concentration of sizing agent is about 20 mg/ml; andg) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:5

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(f). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(f). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b) and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).In another variation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c),(d), and (f). In another variation, the method conforms to features (a),(b), (c), (d), and (g).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PAA, the method may have any one or more ofthe following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the temperature at which the process takes place is about 4° C.;e) the concentration of alum is 1.6 mg/ml;f) the concentration of sizing agent is about 4.8 mg/ml; andg) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:3.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(f). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(f). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e).In another variation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c),(d), and (f). In another variation, the method conforms to features (a),(b), (c), (d), and (g).

TABLE 4 Acyl Chain Length Effect on Lipid Affect Sizing Agent Sizing*Ratio PEG Agent Alum:Sizing Z-Ave (d · nm) ± Error PdI ± Error Lengthmg/ml Agent 3 P 6 P 10 P 3 P 6 P 10 P DSPE- 4 1:1 329 ± 4.3 287 ± 5.6514 ± 9.3 0.4 ± 0.012 0.39 ± 0.009 0.31 ± 0.009 18C 4 1:1 333 ± 3.7 288± 4 260 ± 2.8 0.45 ± 0.013 0.37 ± 0.053 0.3 ± 0.001 PEG5000 4 1:1 395 ±24.2 541 ± 16.9 995 ± 46.9 0.52 ± 0.02 0.57 ± 0.039 0.71 ± 0.075 6  1:1.5 106 ± 3.9 102 ± 2 100 ± 1.9 0.26 ± 0.009 0.25 ± 0.005 0.24 ±0.027 8 1:2 81 ± 1.7 73 ± 0.5 68 ± 0.4 0.18 ± 0.015 0.17 ± 0.012 0.16 ±0.007 8 1:2 79 ± 1.7 72 ± 1.2 69 ± 1.3 0.14 ± 0.015 0.16 ± 0.032 0.15 ±0.009 8 1:2 79 ± 2 72 ± 1.7 67 ± 1.6 0.14 ± 0.012 0.15 ± 0.016 0.15 ±0.009 DSPE- 1.9  ~1:0.5 901 ± 24 875 ± 10 907 ± 64 0.2 ± 0.011 0.25 ±0.011 0.37 ± 0.078 18C 3.8 ~1:1  2472 ± 68.2 1999 ± 88 1709 ± 13.8 0.24± 0.076 0.24 ± 0.026 0.31 ± 0.015 PEG2000 6   1:1.5 1755 ± 43.2 2020 ±137.3 1974 ± 90 0.38 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.162 0.1 ± 0.063 8 1:2 1742 ± 192.72106 ± 94 2318 ± 241.3 0.3 ± 0.129 0.48 ± 0.057 0.55 ± 0.066 10   1:2.578 ± 0.2 75 ± 0.2 77 ± 0.5 0.21 ± 0.002 0.19 ± 0.004 0.17 ± 0.004 DPPE-1    1:0.25 409 ± 14.1 371 ± 10.3 412 ± 6.6 0.32 ± 0.03 0.32 ± 0.02 0.36± 0.02 16C 2   1:0.5 365 ± 16 312 ± 14.7 322 ± 9.6 0.44 ± 0.05 0.5 ±0.03 0.45 ± 0.06 PEG5000 3    1:0.75 130 ± 8.2 126 ± 2.3 141 ± 1.6 0.32± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.01 0.35 ± 0.04 4 1:1 76 ± 0.2 74 ± 0.1 73 ± 0.3 0.1 ±0.013 0.1 ± 0.008 0.09 ± 0.005 4 1:1 84 ± 1 81 ± 0.3 81 ± 0.7 0.14 ±0.004 0.12 ± 0.009 0.14 ± 0.006 4 1:1 79 ± 0.5 77 ± 0.27 78 ± 0.22 0.1 ±0.004 0.11 ± 0.007 0.12 ± 0.006 8 1:2 74 ± 0.6 70 ± 0.3 67 ± 0.3 0.09 ±0.015 0.11 ± 0.017 0.1 ± 0.021 8 1:2 77 ± 0.5 81 ± 2.1 70 ± 1.1 0.1 ±0.004 0.2 ± 0.019 0.09 ± 0.016 8 1:2 75 ± 0.4 71 ± 0.4 68 ± 0.2 0.09 ±018 0.1 ± 0.023 0.09 ± 0.006 DPPE- 1.9 ~1:0.5 1217 ± 91.3 117 ± 84.81191 ± 44.8 0.11 ± 0.056 0.2 ± 0.021 0.2 ± 0.019 16C 4 1:1 1463 ± 92.91739 ± 272.7 1668 ± 125.3 0.34 ± 0.047 0.21 ± 0.029 0.46 ± 0.249 PEG20008 1:2 413 ± 115. 1299 ± 158.2 2005 ± 424.1 0.41 ± 0.102 0.52 ± 0.05 0.56± 0.109 10   1:2.5 91 ± 1.5 92 ± 1.2 97 ± 1.1 0.22 ± 0.013 0.18 ± 0.0110.17 ± 0.015 DMPE- 1.9  ~1:0.5 1282 ± 31.1 1492 ± 51 956 ± 3.9 0.41 ±0.081 0.08 ± 0.051 0.47 ± 0.018 14C 4 1:1 1135 ± 157.7 1421 ± 56 1288 ±86.6 0.37 ± 0.05 0.35 ± 0.036 0.33 ± 0.03 Peg 6   1:1.5 2928 ± 73.8 2405± 240.6 3644 ± 469.6 0.47 ± 0.137 0.33 ± 0.234 0.54 ± 0.313 2000 8 1:2145 ± 6.1 254 ± 15.4 812 ± 98.3 0.2 ± 0.004 0.28 ± 0.005 0.62 ± 0.024 81:2 295 ± 19.5 872 ± 112.3 1659 ± 143.3 0.3 ± 0.016 0.56 ± 0.041 0.46 ±0.075 10  1:25 78 ± 0.2 75 ± 0.2 77 ± 0.5 0.210 ± .002 0.19 ± 0.0040.170 ± .004 *Alum is a 4 mg/ml solution. Bolded Sizing Agent mg/ml,Ratio Alum:Sizing Agent and Z-Ave (d · nm) ± Error) values in Table 3represent conditions which produce nanoalums of the present disclosure.

It is understood that certain variables and combinations thereof can beinvolved in a method of preparing a nanoalum particle of theembodiments, such as shown in Table 4.

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG5000 with DSPE-18C, the method may have anyone or more of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the concentration of sizing agent is about 8 mg/ml; ande) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:2.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(e) In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (and incertain variations, all) of features (a)-(e). In a particular variation,the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, the methodconforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, the methodconforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d) In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (e).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG2000 with DSPE-18C, the method may have anyone or more of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the concentration of siring agent is about 10 mg/ml; ande) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:2.5.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(e). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(e). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (e).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the siring agent is PEG5000 with DPPE-16C. the method may have anyone or more of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the concentration of sizing agent is about 1 mg/ml to about 8 mg/ml,such as 4 or 8 mg/ml; ande) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:1 or1:2.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(e). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(e). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (e).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG2000 with DPPE-16C, the method may have anyone or more of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the concentration of sizing agent is about 10 mg/ml; ande) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:2.5.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(e) In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (and incertain variations, all) of features (a)-(e). In a particular variation,the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, the methodconforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, the methodconforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (e).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is PEG2000 with DMPE-14C, the method may have anyone or more of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is microfluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the high energy source is1 to 10, such as 3, 6, or 10 passes;d) the concentration of sizing agent is about 10 mg/ml; ande) the ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:25.

In one variation, the method conforms to at least one of features(a)-(e). In another variation, the method conforms to two or more (andin certain variations, all) of features (a)-(e). In a particularvariation, the method conforms to feature (a). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), and (c). In another variation, themethod conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (d). In anothervariation, the method conforms to features (a), (b), (c), and (e).

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is chitosan and the aluminum salt is Al(OH)(PO₄)(e.g., AdjuPhos®), the method may have any combination of the followingfeatures:

a) the type of high energy source is a high shear mixer followed by amicrofluidizer;

b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;

c) the number of passes of the mixture through the microfluidizer is1-30, preferably from 10 to 30;d) the high shear mixer mixes at about 5,000 rpme) the concentration of alum is about 2 mg aluminum/mlf) the concentration of sizing agent is about 2 mg/ml; andg) the mass ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:1h) the sizing agent is low molecular weight chitosan.

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is dextran (e.g., dextran sulfate sodium salt)and the aluminum salt is AlO(OH) (e.g., Alhydrogel®), the method mayhave any combination of the following features:

a) the type of high energy source is a high shear mixer followed by amicrofluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the microfluidizer is1-30, preferably from 10 to 30;d) the high shear mixer mixes at about 5,000 rpme) the concentration of alum is about 2 mg aluminum/mlf) the concentration of sizing agent is about 0.5 mg/ml (e.g. . . . 0.44mg/ml); andg) the mass ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about4.5:1h) the sizing agent is low molecular weight dextran sulfate sodium salt.

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where the sizing agent is chitosan and the aluminum salt is AlO(OH)(e.g., Alhydrogel®), the method may have any combination of thefollowing features:

a) the type of high energy source is a high shear mixer followed by amicrofluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the microfluidizer is1-30, preferably from 10 to 30;d) the high shear mixer mixes at about 5,000 rpme) the concentration of alum is about 2 mg aluminum/mlf) the concentration of sizing agent is about 1 mg/ml; andg) the mass ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 2:1h) the sizing agent is low molecular weight chitosan.i) prior to mixing the aluminum salt and the sizing agent, the aluminumsalt is subject to ligand exchange (e.g., phosphate ligand exchange)

In certain embodiments, for the method of preparing a nanoalum particle,where die sizing agent is poly(allylamine) and the aluminum salt isAlO(OH) (e.g., Alhydrogel®), the method may have any combination of thefollowing features:

a) the type of high energy source is a high shear mixer followed by amicrofluidizer;b) the pressure exerted by the high energy source is about 30 k psi;c) the number of passes of the mixture through the microfluidizer is1-30, preferably from 10 to 30;d) the high shear mixer mixes at about 5,000 rpme) the concentration of alum is about 2 mg aluminum/mlf) the concentration of sizing agent is about 0.5 mg/ml; andg) the mass ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 4:1h) the sizing agent is about 15 kDai) prior to mixing the aluminum salt and the sizing agent, the aluminumsalt is subject to ligand exchange (e.g., phosphate ligand exchange).

E. Size of Nanoalum Particles

As provided herein, the size of the nanoalum particle comprising analuminum salt and a sizing agent ranges from about 1 nm to 450 nm.

In some embodiments the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about50 nm to 75 nm. In some embodiments the size of the nanoalum particleranges from about 50 nm to 100 nm. In some embodiments the size of thenanoalum particle ranges from about 50 nm to 150 nm. In some embodimentsthe size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 50 nm to 200 nm. Insome embodiments the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 50nm to 300 nm. In some embodiments the size of the nanoalum particleranges from about 50 nm to 400 nm. In some embodiments the size of thenanoalum particle ranges from about 50 nm to 450 nm. In some embodimentsthe size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 20 nm to 100 nm. Insome embodiments the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 20nm to 50 nm. In some embodiments the size of the nanoalum particleranges from about 10 nm to 200 nm. In some embodiments the size of thenanoalum particle ranges from about 10 nm to 100 nm. In some embodimentsthe size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 10 nm to 50 nm. Insome embodiments the size of the nanoalum particle is about 1 nm, isabout 5 nm, is about 10 nm, is about 15 nm, is about 20 nm, is about 25nm, is about 30 nm, is about 35 nm, is about 40 nm, is about 45 nm, isabout 50 nm, is about 55 nm, is about 60 nm, is about 65 nm, is about 70nm, is about 75 nm, is about 80 nm, is about 85 nm, is about 90 nm, isabout 95 nm, is about 100 nm, is about 105 nm, is about 110 nm, is about115 nm, is about 120 nm, is about 125 nm, is about 130 nm, is about 135nm, is about 140 nm, is about 145 nm, is about 150 nm, is about 155 nm,is about 160 nm, is about 165 nm, is about 170 nm, is about 175 nm, isabout 180 nm, is about 185 nm, is about 190 nm, is about 195 nm, isabout 200 nm, is about 210 nm, is about 220 nm, is about 240 nm, isabout 250 nm, is about 260 nm, is about 280 nm, is about 200 nm, isabout 300 nm, is about 320 nm, is about 340 nm, is about 350 nm, isabout 360 nm, is about 380 nm, is about 400 nm, is about 420 nm, isabout 440 nm, or is about 450 nm. In some embodiments, the size of thenanoalum particle is no greater than about 1 nm, no greater than about 5nm, no greater than about 10 nm, no greater than about 15 nm, no greaterthan about 20 nm, no greater than about 25 nm, no greater than about 30nm, no greater than about 35 nm, no greater than about 40 nm, no greaterthan about 45 nm, no greater than about 50 nm, no greater than about 55nm, no greater than about 60 nm, no greater than about 65 nm, no greaterthan about 70 nm, no greater than about 75 nm, no greater than about 80nm, no greater than about 85 nm, no greater than about 90 nm, no greaterthan about 95 nm, no greater than about 100 nm, no greater than about105 nm, no greater than about 110 nm, no greater than about 115 nm, nogreater than about 120 nm, no greater than about 125 nm, no greater thanabout 130 nm, no greater than about 135 nm, no greater than about 140nm, no greater than about 145 nm, no greater than about 150 nm, nogreater than about 155 nm, no greater than about 160 nm, no greater thanabout 165 nm, no greater than about 170 nm, no greater than about 175nm, no greater than about 180 nm, no greater than about 185 nm, nogreater than about 190 nm, no greater than about 195 nm, no greater thanabout 199 nm, no greater than about 210 nm, no greater than about 230nm, no greater than about 250 nm, no greater than about 270 nm, nogreater than about 290 nm, no greater than about 310 nm, no greater thanabout 330 nm, no greater than about 350 nm, no greater than about 370nm, no greater than about 390 nm, no greater than about 410 nm, nogreater than about 430 nm, no greater than about 440 nm, or no greaterthan about 449 nm, or no greater than about 450 nm.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is capable of being filteredthrough at least a 0.45 micron filter. In some embodiments, the nanoalumparticle is capable of being filtered through a 0.45 micron or smallerpore size filter. In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is capableof being filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. In some embodiments, thenanoalum particle is capable of being filtered through a 0.20 micronfilter. In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is capable of beingfiltered through a 0.22 micron filter.

F. Stability

In some embodiments provided herein, the 1-450 nm size of the nanoalumparticle comprising an aluminum salt and a sizing agent is stable, inthat the nanoalum particle's size of less than 450 nm is maintained, andin that the aluminum salt exhibits reduced aggregation, or noaggregation, when compared to an aluminum salt in the absence of asizing agent.

In some embodiments, “stable” refers to a nanoalum formulation orcomposition comprised of nanoalum particles which does not “aggregate”displays little to no aggregation, or reduced aggregation and ordemonstrates little to no overall increase in average particle size orpolydispersity of the formulation over time compared to the initialparticle size.

The stability of the nanoalum particle can be measured by techniquesfamiliar to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, thestability is observed visually. Visual inspection can include inspectionfor particulates, flocculence, or aggregates. In some embodiments, thestability is determined by the size of the nanoalum particle. Forexample, the size can be assessed by known techniques in the art,including but not limited to, x-ray and laser diffraction, dynamic lightscattering (DLS), CryoEM, or Malvern Zetasize. In some embodiments, thesize of the nanoalum particle refers to the Z-average diameter. In someembodiments, the stability is determined by assessing the % aggregationof the aluminum salts in the nanoalum particle. In some embodiments, thestability is assessed by the ability of the nanoalum particle to passthrough a filter of a particular size, for example through a 0.20, 0.22,or 0.45 micron filter. In some embodiments, stability is determined bypH. In some embodiments, stability is determined by measurement of thepolydispersity index (PdI), for example with the use of the dynamiclight scattering (DLS) technique.

In some embodiments, the Z-average diameter of the nanoparticleincreases less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%,less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than7%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 1% over time period assayed.In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PdI) of the nanoparticleincreases less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 25%,less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 12%, less than 10%, less than7%, less than 5% less than 3%, less than 1% over time period assayed.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 0-8° C. In someembodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 0° C., 1° C., 2° C., 3°C., 4° C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., or 8° C. for at least 1 minute, for atleast 5 minutes, for at least 10 minutes, for at least 15 minutes, forat least 20 minutes, for at least 25 minutes, for at least 30 minutes,for at least 35 minutes, for at least 40 minutes, for at least 45minutes, for at least 50 minutes, for at least 55 minutes, for at least1 hour, for at least 2 hours, for at least 6 hours, for at least 12hours, for at least 18 hours, for at least 24 hours, for at least 48hours, for at least 72 hours, for at least 1 week, for at least 2 weeks,for at least 3 weeks, for at least 1 month, for at least 2 months, forat least 3 months, for at least 4 months, for at least 5 months, for atleast 6 months, for at least 7 months, for at least 8 months, for atleast 9 months, for at least 10 months, for at least 11 months, for atleast 1 year, for at least 2 years, or for at least 5 years.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 20-30° C. Insome embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 25° C. for at least1 minute, for at least 5 minutes, for at least 10 minutes, for at least15 minutes, for at least 20 minutes, for at least 25 minutes, for atleast 30 minutes, for at least 35 minutes, for at least 40 minutes, forat least 45 minutes, for at least 50 minutes, for at least 55 minutes,for at least 1 hour, for at least 2 hours, for at least 6 hours, for atleast 12 hours, for at least 18 hours, for at least 24 hours, for atleast 48 hours, for at least 72 hours, for at least 1 week, for at least2 weeks, for at least 3 weeks, for at least 1 month, for at least 2months, for at least 3 months, for at least 4 months, for at least 5months, for at least 6 months, for at least 7 months, for at least 8months, for at least 9 months, for at least 10 months, for at least 11months, for at least 1 year, for at least 2 years, or for at least 5years.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 35-40° C. Insome embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 35° C., 36° C., 37°C., 38° C., 39° C., or 40° C. for at least 1 minute, for at least 5minutes, for at least 10 minutes, for at least 15 minutes, for at least20 minutes, for at least 25 minutes, for at least 30 minutes, for atleast 35 minutes, for at least 40 minutes, for at least 45 minutes, forat least 50 minutes, for at least 55 minutes, for at least 1 hour, forat least 2 hours, for at least 6 hours, for at least 12 hours, for atleast 18 hours, for at least 24 hours, for at least 48 hours, for atleast 72 hours, for at least 1 week, for at least 2 weeks, for at least3 weeks, for at least 1 month, for at least 2 months, for at least 3months, for at least 4 months, for at least 5 months, for at least 6months, for at least 7 months, for at least 8 months, for at least 9months, for at least 10 months, for at least 11 months, for at least 1year, for at least 2 years, or for at least 5 years.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 57-62° C. Insome embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable at 57° C., 58° C., 59°C., 60° C., 61° C., or 62° C. for at least 1 minute, for at least 5minutes, for at least 10 minutes, for at least 15 minutes, for at least20 minutes, for at least 25 minutes, for at least 30 minutes, for atleast 35 minutes, for at least 40 minutes, for at least 45 minutes, forat least 50 minutes, for at least 55 minutes, for at least 1 hour, forat least 2 hours, for at least 6 hours, for at least 12 hours, for atleast 18 hours, for at least 24 hours, for at least 48 hours, for atleast 72 hours, for at least 1 week, for at least 2 weeks, for at least3 weeks, for at least 1 month.

In one exemplary embodiment, the nanoalum particle is stable at 4° C.for at least 2 years. In one exemplary embodiment, the nanoalum particleis stable at 4° C. for at least 4 years. In one exemplary embodiment,the nanoalum particle is stable at 4° C. for at least 5 years. In oneexemplary embodiment, the nanoalum particle is stable at 25° C. for atleast one month. In one exemplary embodiment, the nanoalum particle isstable at 37° C. for at least two weeks. In one exemplary embodiment,the nanoalum particle is stable at 60° C. for at least two weeks.

In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable after 1-4 freezethaws. In some embodiments, the nanoalum particle is stable after 1,after 2, after 3, or after 4 freeze thaws.

IV. Nanoalum Particle Compositions

Provided herein are compositions comprising nanoalum panicles, whereinthe nanoalum particles comprise an aluminum salt and a sizing agent, andwherein the size of the nanoalum panicles are about 1 nm-450 nm in size.In some embodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition rangesfrom about 50 nm to 75 nm. In some embodiments the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 50 nm to 100 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition ranges fromabout 50 nm to 150 nm. In some embodiments the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 50 nm to 200 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition ranges fromabout 50 nm to 300 nm. In some embodiments the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 50 nm to 400 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition ranges fromabout 50 nm to 450 nm. In some embodiments the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 20 nm to 100 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition ranges fromabout 20 nm to 50 nm. In some embodiments the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 10 nm to 200 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition ranges fromabout 10 nm to 100 nm. In some embodiments the the average size of thenanoalum composition ranges from about 10 nm to 50 nm. In someembodiments the average size of the nanoalum composition is about 1 nm,is about 5 nm, is about 10 nm, is about 15 nm, is about 20 nm, is about25 nm, is about 30 nm, is about 35 nm, is about 40 nm, is about 45 nm,is about 50 nm, is about 55 nm, is about 60 nm, is about 65 nm, is about70 nm, is about 75 nm, is about 80 nm, is about 85 nm, is about 90 nm,is about 95 nm, is about 100 nm, is about 105 nm, is about 10 nm, isabout 115 nm, is about 120 nm, is about 125 nm, is about 130 nm, isabout 135 nm, is about 140 nm, is about 145 nm, is about 150 nm, isabout 155 nm, is about 160 nm, is about 165 nm, is about 170 nm, isabout 175 nm, is about 180 nm, is about 185 nm, is about 190 nm, isabout 195 nm, is about 200 nm, is about 210 nm, is about 220 nm, isabout 240 nm, is about 250 nm, is about 260 nm, is about 280 nm, isabout 200 nm, is about 300 nm, is about 320 nm, is about 340 nm, isabout 350 nm, is about 360 nm, is about 380 nm, is about 400 nm, isabout 420 nm, is about 440 nm, or is about 450 nm. In some embodiments,the average size of the nanoalum composition is no greater than about 1nm, no greater than about 5 nm, no greater than about 10 nm, no greaterthan about 15 nm, no greater than about 20 nm, no greater than about 25nm, no greater than about 30 nm, no greater than about 33 nm, no greaterthan about 40 nm, no greater than about 45 nm, no greater than about 50nm, no greater than about 55 nm, no greater than about 60 nm, no greaterthan about 65 nm, no greater than about 70 nm, no greater than about 75nm, no greater than about 80 nm, no greater than about 85 nm, no greaterthan about 90 nm, no greater than about 95 nm, no greater than about 100nm, no greater than about 105 nm, no greater than about 10 nm, nogreater than about 115 nm, no greater than about 120 nm, no greater thanabout 125 nm, no greater than about 130 nm, no greater than about 135nm, no greater than about 140 nm, no greater than about 145 nm, nogreater than about 150 nm, no greater than about 155 nm, no greater thanabout 160 nm, no greater than about 165 nm, no greater than about 170nm, no greater than about 175 nm, no greater than about 180 nm, nogreater than about 185 nm, no greater than about 190 nm, no greater thanabout 195 nm, no greater than about 199 nm, no greater than about 210nm, no greater than about 230 nm, no greater than about 250 nm, nogreater than about 270 nm, no greater than about 290 nm, no greater thanabout 310 nm, no greater than about 330 nm, no greater than about 350nm, no greater than about 370 nm, no greater than about 390 nm, nogreater than about 410 nm, no greater than about 430 nm, no greater thanabout 440 nm, or no greater than about 449 nm as measured by DLS.

In some embodiments, the compositions are filterable and terminallysterilizable prior to vialing. In some embodiments, the composition iscapable of being filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. In someembodiments, the composition is capable of being filtered through a 0.20micron filter. In some embodiments, the composition is capable of beingfiltered through a 0.22 micron filter.

In some embodiments, the compositions are maintained as aqueousformulations. In some embodiments, the compositions are maintained aslyophilized formulations. In some embodiments, the compositions aremaintained as spray-dried formulations.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a nanoalum and anemulsion. In some embodiments the emulsion of the composition is a waterin oil emulsion. In some embodiments the emulsion of the composition isa picketing emulsion. In some embodiments the emulsion of thecomposition is an oil-in-water emulsion. In some embodiments the oil ofthe emulsion is a biodegradable oil. In further embodiments the oils isa squalene. In other embodiment the oil is a synthetic biodegradableoil.

Liposomes and liposome derived nanovesicles known in the art [8] and maybe used with the nanoalums of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, the composition comprises a liposome containing thenanoalum particles. In some embodiments the composition comprises ananoalum and a liposome wherein the liposome is a cationic liposome. Insome embodiments the composition comprises a nanoalum and a liposomewherein the liposome is an anionic liposome. In some embodiments thecomposition comprises a nanoalum and a liposome wherein the liposome isa neutral liposome. In some embodiments the composition comprises ananoalum and a liposome wherein the liposome is an archaeosome. In someembodiments the composition comprises a nanoalum and a liposome whereinthe liposome is virosome.

A. Bioactive Agents

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or morebioactive agents, for example the bioactive agent can be a polypeptide,a polynucleotide, an antigen, an adjuvant, a diagnostic agent, atherapeutic agent, an organism, a virus, a viral genome. In someembodiments, the composition comprises two or more bioactive agents. Insome embodiments, the bioactive agent is associated with the nanoalumparticle. In some embodiments, the bioactive agent is associated withthe nanoalum particle by ligand exchange and/or by an electrostatic(charge-based) interaction. In some embodiments, at least 25%, at least40%, at least 50%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least99%, of the bioactive agent present in the composition is associatedwith nanoalum particles. In some embodiments, the percent association ofthe bioactive agent with the nanoalum particle is determined by gelelectrophoresis or UV spectroscopy. One exemplary method of determiningthe percent association is demonstrated in the examples.

i. Macromolecules

In some embodiments, the bioactive agent is a macromolecule. Amacromolecule can include, but is not limited to, a polynucleotide, apolypeptide, or an antigen. In some embodiments, the macromolecule isnaturally occurring. In some embodiments, the macromolecule issynthetic. In some embodiments, the macromolecule is labeled or tagged.

a. Polynucleotides

Proteins, protein subunits and inactivated pathogen are efficientstimulators of antibody responses (humoral immunity) and have beensuccessfully developed as successful vaccines for a number of infectiousdiseases where humoral immunity is a strong correlate of protection.However for some chronic infectious diseases or cancer, in addition to ahumoral response, a classic cellular or cytolytic T cell response may berequired. Classically generation of cellular immune responses occursfrom endogenous or intracellular presentation of antigens in the contextof major histocompatibility molecules. This has led researchers totheorize that the delivery of nucleic acids to encode intracellularantigens may lead to more successful vaccination strategies for chronicinfection and cancer. RNA vaccines are particularly attractive fornucleic acid delivery based, theoretically, on the ability of theprotein transcribed by the RNA to be more efficiently presented in thecontext of the major histocompatibility molecules of the host. Deliveryof RNA vaccines in the art include, for example, delivery of messengerRNA and replicating RNA constructs expressed from alphavirus constructs,both of which rely on delivery and expression of the RNA encoded proteinin the cell. As promising as this approach seems in theory, to date inpractice, the development of RNA vaccines has been limited by the costof producing RNA, the relative inefficient delivery of RNA in vivo, theinstability of naked RNA, and the relative in vivo level of expressionof the RNA Simply, all these limitations may be attributed to the lackof efficient delivery of RNA in vivo. Recently numerous strategies havebeen employed to address these limitations including incorporation ofchemically modified nucleotides, modification of the RNA structureincluding ARCA cap and elongated poly(A) tails, and evaluation ofdelivery strategies for the RNA ranging from naked RNA to cationiclipids and polymeric delivery vehicles (1-5). Perhaps the most wellstudied formulations for delivery of RNA are the cationic emulsionscomprised of the cationic lipid, DOTAP, DOTAP, soibitan trioleate,polysorbate and squalene (5). It has been demonstrated that thesecationic liposomes self-assemble into synthetic lipid nanoparticles withthe RNA encapsulated in the core of the particle. While these cationicliposomes have demonstrated the ability to deliver RNA vaccines andinduce immune responses, the manufacture of these formulations is rathercomplex and expensive. What is needed in the art is a stable,inexpensive and amenable to large scale manufacture including terminalsterilization formulation for delivery of polynucleotides including RNAand DNA.

In some embodiments the bioactive agent is a polynucleotide. Apolynucleotide includes, but is not limited to a DNA, an RNA, anaptamer, and an oligonucleotide. In some embodiments the polynucleotideis DNA. In some embodiments the polynucleotide is RNA. In someembodiments, the DNA or RNA is single stranded or double stranded. Insome embodiments the polynucleotide is a non-coding RNA. In someembodiments the polynucleotide is a coding RNA. In some embodiments theRNA is selected from the group consisting of replicon RNA, mRNA, tRNA,si RNA, shRNA, Rig I and microRNA.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that is an antigenor comprises an antigen as further described below. In some embodiments,the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide is a fusion protein. Insome embodiments, the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide is ID93.

In one specific embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises a PEG sizingagent, and the agent is an RNA.

In one specific embodiment, the nanoparticle comprises a PAA sizingagent, and the agent is an RNA.

1. Recombinant Expression Constructs

According to certain herein disclosed embodiments, the compositionsdescribed herein may contain at least one recombinant expressionconstruct which comprises a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acidsequence encoding a polypeptide. In certain further embodiments therecombinant expression construct is present in a viral vector, such asan adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus, lentivirus, poxvirusor retrovirus vector. Compositions and methods for making and using suchexpression constructs and vectors are known in the art, for theexpression of polypeptide antigens as provided herein, for example,according to Ausubel et a). (Eds.), Current Protocols in MolecularBiology, 2006 John Wiley & Sons, NY. Non-limiting examples ofrecombinant expression constructs generally can be found, for instance,in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,844,192; 7,037,712; 7,052,904; 7,001,770; 6,106,824;5,693,531; 6,613,892; 6,875,610, 7,067,310; 6,218,186; 6,783,981;7,052,904; 6,783,981; 6,734,172; 6,713,068; 5,795,577 and 6,770,445 andelsewhere, with teachings that can be adapted to the expression ofpolypeptide antigens as provided herein, for use in certain presentlydisclosed embodiments.

2. Alternate Internucleoside Linkage and Nucleic Acid Analogs

In some embodiments the polynucleotides comprise alternateinternucleoside linkages or nucleic acid analogs. For example, in oneembodiment, the polynucleotide comprises phosphorodithioate, or aphosphorothioate bonds, although phosphodiester and otherinternucleotide bonds are within the scope of the present disclosureincluding oligonucleotides with mixed internucleotide linkages. Methodsfor producing phosphorothioate oligonucleotides or phosphorodithioateare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,666,153, 5,278,302 and WO95/26204.

3. Replicons

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is a replicon. In someembodiments, the replicon is a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virusthat is capable of replication largely under its own control. In someembodiments, the replicon is RNA or DNA. In some embodiments, thereplicon is single or double stranded. In some embodiments, the repliconis derived from an RNA virus.

b. Polypeptides

In some embodiments the bioactive agent is a polypeptide. Thus in theseembodiments, the compositions described comprise the nanoalum particlesprovided herein, and further comprise a polypeptide. In some embodimentsthe polypeptide is a full length protein or a fragment thereof. In someembodiments the polypeptide is a peptide. In some embodiments, thepolypeptide is a fusion protein. In some particular embodiments, thefusion protein is capable of eliciting an immune response uponadministration to an individual. In some embodiments, the polypeptide isan antigen, as further described below.

c. Antigens

In some embodiments the bioactive agent is an antigen. In someembodiments the antigen is a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide. Insome embodiments the antigen is a polypeptide encoded by apolynucleotide. In some embodiments the antigen is a DNA polynucleotidedelivered the nanoalum formulations of the present disclosure thatencodes a polypeptide. In some embodiments the antigen is an RNApolynucleotide delivered the nanoalum formulations of the presentdisclosure that encodes the polypeptide. Thus in some embodiments, thecompositions described comprise any one of the nanoalum particlesprovided herein, and further comprise an antigen wherein the antigen ofthe nanoalum particle is provided as a polypeptide or polynucleotide.

In some embodiments the antigen is involved in, or derived from, anallergy, cancer, or infectious disease.

In some embodiments the compositions described herein are useful forvaccination purposes, and are provided as vaccine formulations (vaccinecompositions).

An antigen may be any target epitope, molecule (including abiomolecule), molecular complex (including molecular complexes thatcontain biomolecules), subcellular assembly, cell or tissue againstwhich elicitation or enhancement of immunoreactivity in a subject isdesired. Frequently, the term antigen will refer to a polypeptideantigen of interest. However, antigen, as used herein, may also refer toa recombinant construct which encodes a polypeptide antigen of interest(e.g., an expression construct). In certain embodiments the antigen maybe, or may be derived from, or may be immunologically cross-reactivewith, an infectious pathogen and/or an epitope, biomolecule, cell ortissue that is associated with infection, cancer, autoimmune disease,allergy, asthma, or any other condition where stimulation of anantigen-specific immune response would be desirable or beneficial.

Accordingly, certain embodiments contemplate an antigen that is derivedfrom at least one infectious pathogen such as a bacterium, a virus or afungus, including an Actinobacterium such as M. tuberculosis or M.leprae or another mycobacterium, a bacterium such as a member of thegenus Salmonella, Neisseria, Borrclia, Chlamydia or Bordetella; a virussuch as a herpes simplex virus, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), afeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), cytomegalovirus. Varicella ZosterVirus, hepatitis virus, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), respiratory syncytialvirus, human papilloma virus (HPV) and a cytomegalovirus; HIV such asHIV-1 or HIV-2; a fungus such as Aspergillus, Blastomyces. Coccidioidesand Pneumocysti or a yeast, including Candida species such as C.albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis and C.parapsilosis; a parasite such as a protozoan, for example, a Plasmodiumspecies including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P malariae and P. ovale; oranother parasite such as one or more of Acanthamoeba, Entamoebahistolytica. Angiostrongylus, Schistosoma mansonii, Schistosomahaematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, Cryptosporidium, Ancylostoma,Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba coli. Entamoeba dispar. Entamoebahartmanni, Entamoeba polecki, Wucherena bancrofti, Giardia, andLeishmania.

For example, in certain embodiments, antigens are derived from Borreliasp., the antigens may include nucleic acid, pathogen derived antigen orantigenic preparations, recombinantly produced protein or peptides, andchimeric fusion proteins. One such antigen is OspA. The OspA may be afull mature protein in a lipidated form by virtue of its biosynthesis ina host cell (Lipo-OspA) or may alternatively be a non-lipidatedderivative. Such non-lipidated derivatives include the non-lipidatedNS1-OspA fusion protein which has the first 81 N-terminal amino acids ofthe non-structural protein (NS1) of the influenza virus, and thecomplete OspA protein, and another, MDP-OspA is a non-lipidated form ofOspA carrying 3 additional N-terminal amino acids.

In certain embodiments the antigen is derived from a virus such as fromHIV-1, (such as tat, nef, gp120 or gp160), human herpes viruses, such asgD or derivatives thereof or Immediate Early protein such as 1CP27 fromHSV1 or HSV2, cytomegalovirus ((esp. Human)(such as gB or derivativesthereof), Rotavirus (including live-attenuated viruses), Epstein Barrvirus (such as gp350 or derivatives thereof). Varicella Zoster Virus(such as gpl, II and IE63), or from a hepatitis virus such as hepatitisB virus (for example Hepatitis B Surface antigen or a derivativethereof), hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus, orfrom other viral pathogens, such as paramyxoviruses: RespiratorySyncytial virus (such as F and G proteins or derivatives thereof),parainfluenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus, human papilloma viruses(for example HPV6, 11, 16, 18, etc.), flaviviruses (e.g., yellow fevervirus, dengue virus, tick-bome encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitisvirus. West Nile virus, Zika virus, Powassan virus) or influenza virus(whole live or inactivated virus, split influenza virus, grown in eggsor MDCK cells, or whole flu virosomes (as described by Gluck, Vaccine,1992, 10, 915-920) or purified or recombinant proteins thereof, such asHA, NP, NA, or M proteins, or combinations thereof).

In certain other embodiments, the antigen is derived from one or morebacterial pathogens such as Neisseria spp, including N. gonorrhea and N.meningitidis (for example capsular polysaccharides and conjugatesthereof, transferrin-binding proteins, lactoferrin binding proteins,PilC, adhesins); S. pyogenes (for example M proteins or fragmentsthereof, C5A protease, lipoteichoic acids), S. agalactiae, S. mutans: H.ducreyi; Moraxella spp, including M catarrhalis, also known asBranhamella catarrhal is (for example high and low molecular weightadhesins and invasins); Bordetella spp, including B. pertussis (forexample pertactin, pertussis toxin or derivatives thereof, filamenteoushemagglutinin, adenylate cyclase, fimbriae), B. parapertussis and B.bronchiseptica; Mycobacterium spp., including M. tuberculosis (forexample ESAT6, Antigen 85A, —B or —C), M. bovis, M. leprae, M. avium, M.paratuberculosis, M. smegmatis: Legionella spp, including L.pneumophila; Escherichia spp, including enterotoxic E. coli (for examplecolonization factors, heat-labile toxin or derivatives thereof,heat-stable toxin or derivatives thereof), enterohemorragic E. coli,enteropathogenic E. coli (for example shiga toxin-like toxin orderivatives thereof); Vibrio spp, including V. cholera (for examplecholera toxin or derivatives thereof); Shigella spp, including S.sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexnerii; Yersinia spp, including Y.enterocolitica (for example a Yop protein), Y pestis, Ypseudotuberculosis; Campylobacter spp, including C jejuni (for exampletoxins, adhesins and invasins) and C. coli; Salmonella spp, including S.typhi, S. paratyphi. S. choleraesuis, S. enteritidis; Listeria spp,including L. monocytogenes, Helicobacter spp, including H. pylori (forexample urease, catalase, vacuolating toxin), Pseudomonas spp, includingP. aeruginosa; Staphylococcus spp., including S. aureus, S. epidermidis;Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis, E. faecium; Clostridium spp.,including C. tetani (for example tetanus toxin and derivative thereof),C. botulinum (for example botulinum toxin and derivative thereof); Cdifficile (for example Clostridium toxins A or B and derivativesthereof); Bacillus spp., including B. anthracis for example botulinumtoxin and derivatives thereof), Corynebacterium spp., including C.diphtheriae (for example diphtheria toxin and derivatives thereof);Borrelia spp., including C. B. burgdorferi (for example OspA, OspC,DbpA, DbpB), B. garinii (for example OspA, OspC, DbpA, DbpBX B. afzelii(for example OspA, OspC, DbpA, DbpB), B. andersonii (for example OspA,OspC, DbpA, DbpB), B. hermsii; Ehrlichia spp., including E. equi and theagent of the Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis; Rickettsia spp, includingR. rickettsii; Chlamydia spp. including C. trachomatis (for exampleMOMP, heparin-binding proteins), C. pneumoniae (for example MOMP,heparin-binding proteins), C. psittaci; Leptospira spp., including L.interrogans; Treponema spp., including T. pallidum (for example the rareouter membrane proteins), T. denticola, T. hyodysenteriae; or otherbacterial pathogens.

In certain other embodiments, the antigen is derived from one or moreparasites (See, e.g., John, D. T. and Petri, W. A., Markell and Voge'sMedical Parasitdogy-9th Ed., 2006, WB Saunders, Philadelphia; Bowman, D.D., Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians-8th Ed., 2002, WB Saunders,Philadelphia) such as Plasmodium spp., including P. falciparum;Toxoplasma spp, including T. gondii (for example SAG2, SAG3, Tg34);Entamoeba spp., including E. histolytica; Babesia spp., including B.microti; Trypanosoma spp., including T. cruzi, Giardia spp, including G.lamblia; Leshmania spp., including L. major, Pneumocystis spp.,including P. carinii; Trichomonas spp., including T. vaginalis; or froma helminth capable of infecting a mammal, such as: (i) nematodeinfections (including, but not limited to, Enterobius vermicularis,Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus,Ancylostoma duodenale, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocercavolvulus. Dracanculus medinensis, Trichinella spiralis, andStrongyloides stercoralis); (ii) trematode infections (including, butnot limited to, Schistosoma mansoni. Schistosoma haematobium.Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi, Opisthorchis sinensis.Paragonimus sp, Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola magna. Fasciola gigantica);and (iii) cestode infections (including, but not limited to, Taeniasaginata and Taenia solium). In certain embodiments, the antigen isderived from Schisostoma spp., Schistosoma mansonii, Schistosomahaematobium, and/or Schistosoma japonicum, or derived from yeast such asCandida spp., including C. albicans; Cryptococcus spp., including C.neoformans.

Other specific antigens are derived from M. tuberculosis, for example ThRa12, Tb H9, Tb Ra35, Tb38-1, Erd 14, DPV, MTL MSL, mTTC2 and hTCCl (WO99/51748). Proteins for M. tuberculosis also include fusion proteins andvariants thereof where at least two, three, or four or more,polypeptides of M. tuberculosis are fused into a larger protein. Certainfusions include Ral2-TbH9-Ra35, Erd 14-DP V-MT1, DPV-MTI-MSL,Erdl4DPV-MTI-MSL-mTCC2, Erd 14-DPV-MTI-MSL, DPV-MTI-MSL-mTCC2,TMI9-DPV-MTI (WO 99151748). Other antigens that may be used includeantigens, combination of antigens, and fusion proteins described in US2010/0129391 and WO 2008/124647 In one exemplary embodiment, the fusionprotein is ID93. In one exemplary embodiment, the fusion protein isID91.

Other specific antigens are derived from Leishmania. for exampleLeishmania polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present disclosuremay be prepared or isolated using any of a variety of procedures andusing any of a variety of Leishmania species including, but not limitedto, L. donovani, L. chagasi, L. infantum, L. major, L. amazonensis, L.braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. mexicana, L. tropics, and L. guyanensis.Such species are available, for example, from the American Type CultureCollection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. Proteins for Leishmania also includefusion proteins and variants thereof where at least two, three, or fouror more, polypeptides of Leishmania are fused into a larger protein asdescribed in WO2009/012166, WO 2014/160987, WO 2014/160985, In oneexemplary embodiment, the fusion protein is EMCH as described herein.

Other specific antigens are derived from Chlamydia, and include forexample the High Molecular Weight Protein (HWMP) (WO 99/17741), ORF3 (EP366 412), and putative membrane proteins (Pmps). Other Chlamydiaantigens can be selected from the group described in WO 99128475.Certain antigens may be derived from Streptococcus spp, including S.pneumoniae (for example capsular polysaccharides and conjugates thereof,PsaA, PspA, streptolysin, choline-binding proteins) and the proteinantigen Pneumolysin (Biochem Biophys Acta, 1989, 67, 1007; Rubins etal., Microbial Pathogenesis, 25, 337-342), and mutant detoxifiedderivatives thereof (WO 90/06951; WO 99/03884). Other bacterial vaccinescomprise antigens derived from Haemophilus spp., including H. influenzaetype B (for example PRP and conjugates thereof), non typeable H.influenzae, for example OMP26, high molecular weight adhesins, P5, P6,protein D and lipoprotein D, and fimbrin and fimbrin derived peptides(U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,464) or multiple copy varients or fusion proteinsthereof.

Other specific antigens fare derived from Hepatitis B. Derivatives ofHepatitis B Surface antigen are well known in the art and include, interalia, those PreS1, Pars2 S antigens set forth described in EuropeanPatent applications EP-A414 374; EP-A-0304 578, and EP 198474. In oneaspect antigen is HIV-1 gp120, especially when expressed in CHO cells.In a further embodiment, the antigen is gD2t.

In other embodiments, the antigen is derived from the Human PapillomaVirus (HPV) considered to be responsible for genital warts (HPV 6 or HPV11 and others), and the HPV viruses responsible for cervical cancer (HPV16, HPV18 and others). Particular antigens include L1 particles orcapsomers, and fusion proteins comprising one or more antigens selectedfrom the HPV 6 and HPV 11 proteins E6, E7, L1, and L2. Certain forms offusion protein include L2E7 as disclosed in WO 96/26277, andproteinD(⅓)-E7 disclosed in OB 9717953.5 (PCT/EP98/05285). Additionalpossible antigens include HPV 16 or 18 antigens. For example, L1 or L2antigen monomers, or L1 or L2 antigens presented together as a viruslike particle (VLP) or the L1 alone protein presented alone in a VLP orcaposmer structure. Such antigens, virus like particles and capsomer areper se known. See for example WO94/00152, WO94/20137, WO94/05792, andWO93/02184.

In other embodiments, the antigen is a fusion protein. Fusion proteinsmay be included alone or as fusion proteins such as E7, E2 or F5 forexample; particular embodiments include a VLP comprising LIE7 fusionproteins (WO 96/11272). Particular HPV 16 antigens comprise the earlyproteins E6 or F7 in fusion with a protein D carrier to form ProteinD-E6 or E7 fusions from HPV 16, or combinations thereof; or combinationsof E6 or E7 with L2 (WO 96/26277). Alternatively the HPV 16 or 18 earlyproteins E6 and E7, may be presented in a single molecule, for example aProtein D-E6/E7 fusion. Compositions may optionally contain either orboth E6 and E7 proteins front HPV 18, for example in the form of aProtein D-E6 or Protein D-E7 fusion protein or Protein D E6/E7 fusionprotein. Compositions may additionally comprise antigens from other HPVstrains, for example from strains HPV 31 or 33.

Antigens may also be derived from parasites that cause Malaria. Forexample, antigens from Plasmodia falciparum include RTS,S and TRAP. RTSis a hybrid protein comprising substantially all the C-terminal portionof the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. falciparum linked via fouramino acids of the preS2 portion of Hepatitis B surface antigen to thesurface (S) antigen of hepatitis B vims Its full structure is disclosedin the International Patent Application No. PCT/EP92/02591, published asWO 93/10152 claiming priority from UK patent application No.9124390.7.When expressed in yeast RTS is produced as a lipoprotein particle, andwhen it is co-expressed with the S antigen from HBV it produces a mixedparticle known as RTS,S.

TRAP antigens are described in the International Patent Application No.PCT/GB89/00895 published as WO 90/01496. An embodiment of the presentdisclosure is a Malaria vaccine wherein the antigenic preparationcomprises a combination of the RTS,S and TRAP antigens. Other plasmodiaantigens that are likely candidates to be components of a multistageMalaria vaccine are P. faciparum MSP1, AMA1, MSP3, EBA, GLURP, RAP1,RAP2. Sequestrin, PfEMP1, Pf332, LSA1, LSA3, STARP, SALSA, PfEXP1,Pfs25, Pfs28, PFS27125, Pfs16, Pfs48/45, Pfs230 and their analogues inPlasmodium spp.

In one embodiment, the antigen is derived from a cancer cell, as may beuseful for the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancers. For example, theantigen may be a tumor rejection antigen such as those for prostate,breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, renal or melanoma cancers.Exemplary cancer or cancer cell-derived antigens include MAGE 1, 3 andMAGE 4 or other MAGE antigens such as those disclosed in WO99/40188,PRAME, BAGE, Lage (also known as NY Eos 1) SAGE and HAGE (WO 99/53061)or GAGE (Robbins and Kawakami, 1996 Current Opinions in Immunology 8,pps 628-636; Van den Eynde et al., International Journal of Clinical &Laboratory Research (1997 & 1998); Correale et al (1997), Journal of theNational Cancer Institute 89, p. 293. These non-limiting examples ofantigens are expressed in a wide range of tumor types such as melanoma,lung carcinoma, sarcoma and bladder carcinoma. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,544,518.

Other tumor-specific antigens are include, but are not restricted to,tumor-specific or tumor-associated gangliosides such as GM2, and GM3 orconjugates thereof to earner proteins; or a self peptide hormone such aswhole length Gonadotrophin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH, WO95/20600), a short 10 amino acid long peptide, useful in the treatmentof many cancers. In another embodiment prostate antigens are used, suchas Prostate specific antigen (PSA), PAP, PSCA (e.g., Proc. Nat. Acad.Sci USA 95(4) 1735-1740 1998), PSMA or, in one embodiment an antigenknown as Prostase. (e.g., Nelson, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA(1999) 96: 3114-3119; Ferguson, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999.96, 3114-3119; WO 98/12302; U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,306, WO 98/20117, U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,840,871 and 5,786,148; WO 00/04149. Other prostate specificantigens are known from WO 98/137418, and WO/004149. Another is STEAP(PNAS 96 14523 14528 7-12 1999).

Other tumor associated antigens useful in the context of the presentdisclosure include: Plu-1 (J Biol. Chem 274 (22) 15633-15645, 1999),HASH-1, HasH-2, Cripto (Salomon et al Bioessays 199, 21:61-70. U.S. Pat.No. 5,654,140) and Criptin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,215). Additionally,antigens particularly relevant for vaccines in the therapy of canceralso comprise tyrosinase and survivin.

In other embodiments, the agents used in the compositions of the presentdisclosure include antigens associated with respiratory diseases, suchas those caused or exacerbated by bacterial infection (e.g.pneumococcal), for the prophylaxis and therapy of conditions such aschronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is definedphysiologically by the presence of irreversible or partially reversibleairway obstruction in patients with chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema(Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 November; 152(5 Pt 2):S77-121).Exacerbations of COPD are often caused by bacterial (e.g. pneumococcal)infection (Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 April; 14(2):336-63).

ii. Adjuvants

In some embodiments the agent is an adjuvant, and thus the compositionscomprising any of the nanoalum particles described herein comprise anadjuvant, either in the presence or absence of antigen.

In some embodiments, the adjuvant is selected from the group consistingof a AS-2, monophosphoryl lipid A, 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipidA, IF A, QS21, CWS, TOM, AGPs, CpG-containing oligonucleotides,Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, Leif, saponins, saponin mimetics,biological and synthetic lipid A. imiquimod, gardiquimod, resiquimod,polyI:C, flagellin, GLA, SLA, STING, and combinations thereof.

In one exemplary embodiment the adjuvant is GLA. In one exemplaryembodiment the adjuvant is SLA.

a. TLR Agonists

As described herein, certain embodiments of the present disclosurecontemplate comprising the nanoalum particles as described herein, andfurther include one or more toll-like receptor agonists (TLR agonist).Toll-like receptors (TLR) include cell surface transmembrane receptorsof the innate immune system that confer early-phase recognitioncapability to host cells for a variety of conserved microbial molecularstructures such as may be present in or on a large number of infectiouspathogens, (e.g., Armant et al., 2002 Genome Biol. 3(8):reviews3011-30116; Fearon et al., 1996 Science 272:50; Medzhitov et al., 1997 Curr.Opin. Immunol. 9:4; Luster 2002 Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14:129; Lien et al.2003 Nat. Immunol. 4:1162; Medzhitov, 2001 Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1:135;Takeda et al., 2003 Ann Rev Immunol. 21:335; Takeda et al. 2005 Int.Immunol. 17:1; Kaisho et al., 2004 Microbes Infect. 6:1388, Datta etal., 2003 J. Immunol. 170:4102).

Induction of TLR-mediated signal transduction to potentiate theinitiation of immune responses via the innate immune system may beeffected by TLR agonists, which engage cell surface TLR. For example,lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may be a TLR agonist through TLR2 or TLR4 (Tsanet al., 2004 J. Leuk Biol. 76:514; Tsan et al., 2004 Am. J. Physiol.Cell Phsiol. 286:C739; Lin et al., 2005 Shock 24:206);poly(inosine-cytidine) (polyl:C) may be a TLR agonist through TLR3(Salem et al., 2006 Vaccine 24:5119); CpG sequences(oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanosine or“CpG” dinucleotide motifs, e.g., CpG 7909, Cooper et al., 2005 AIDS19:1473; CpG 10101 Bayes et al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 27:193;Vollmer et al. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 5:673; Vollmer etal., 2004 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:2314; Deng et al., 2004 J.Immunol. 173:5148) may be TLR agonists through TLR9 (Andaloussi et al.,2006 Glia 54:526, Chen et al., 2006 J. Immunol. 177:2373);peptidoglycans may be TLR2 and/or TLR6 agonists (Sobdl et al., 2006Biol. Reprod. 75:131; Nakao et al., 2005 J. Immunol. 174:1566); 3M003(4-amino-2-(ethoxymethyl)-α,α-dimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline-1-ethanolhydrate, Mol. Wt. 318 Da from 3M Pharmaceuticals, St. Paul, Minn., whichis also a source of the related compounds 3M001 and 3M002; Gorden etal., 2005 J Immunol 174:1259) may be a TLR7 agonist (Johansen 2005 Clin.Exp. Allerg. 35:1591) and/or a TLR8 agonist (Johansen 2005); flagellinmay be a TLR5 agonist (Feuillet et al., 2006 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA103:12487); and hepatitis C antigens may act as TLR agonists throughTLR7 and/or TLR9 (Lee et al., 2006 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 103:1828;Horsmans et al., 2005 Hepatol. 42:724). Other TLR agonists are known(e.g., Schirmbeck et al., 2003 J. Immunol. 171:5198) and may be usedaccording to certain of the presently described embodiments.

b. TLR7/8 Agonists

Provided herein are TLR7/8 agonists that can be used in the compositionsdescribed herein. As used herein, a “TLR7/8 agonist” refers to anagonist that affects its biological activities through its interactionwith TLR7, TLR8, or both. Such biological activities include, but arenot limited to, induction of TLR7 and/or TLR8 mediated signaltransduction to potentiate the inhibition of immune responses via theinnate immune system.

c. TLR4 Agonists

Provided herein are TLR4 agonists that can be used in the compositionsdescribed herein. In certain embodiments, a TLR4 agonist used in thecompositions herein comprises a glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA),such as those described in U S Patent Publication Nos. US2007/021017,US2009/045033, US2010/037466, and US 2010/0310602, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

For example, in certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLAadjuvant having the following structure of Formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

L₁, L₂, L₃, L₄, L₅, and L₆ are the same or different and independently—O—, —NH— or —(CH₂)—;

L₇, L₈, L₉ and L₁₀ are the same or different and independently absent or—C(═O)—;

Y₁ is an acid functional group;

Y₂ and Y₃ are the same or different and independently —OH, —SH, or anacid functional group;

Y₄ is —OH or —SH;

R₁, R₃, R₅ and R₆ are the same or different and independently C₈₋₁₃alkyl; and

R₂ and R₄ are the same or different and independently C₆₋₁₁ alkyl.

In some embodiments of the synthetic GLA structure, R¹, R³, R⁵ and R₆are C₁₀ alkyl; and R² and R⁴ are C₈ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹,R³, R^(5S) and R⁶ are C₁₁ alkyl; and R² and R⁴ are C₉ alkyl.

For example, in certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLAadjuvant having the following structure of Formula (V):

In a specific embodiment, R1, R3, R5 and R6 are C11-C20 alkyl; and R2and R4 are C12-C20 alkyl.

In another specific embodiment, the GLA has the formula set forth abovewherein R1, R3, R5 and R6 are C11 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C13 alkyl.

In another specific embodiment, the GLA has the formula set forth abovewherein R1, R3, R5 and R6 are C10 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C8 alkyl.

In another specific embodiment, the GLA has the formula set forth abovewherein R¹, R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are C₁₁-C₂₀alkyl; and R² and R⁴ are C₉-C₂₀alkyl. In certain embodiments, R¹, R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are C₁₁, alkyl; and R²and R⁴ are C₉ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure of Formula (V):

In certain embodiments of the above GLA structure, R1, R3, R5 and R6 areC11-C20 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C9-C20 alkyl. In certain embodiments,R1, R3, R5 and R6 are C11 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C9 alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure of Formula (VI):

In certain embodiments of the above GLA structure, R1, R3, R5 and R6 areC11-C20 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C9-C20 alkyl. In certain embodiments,R1, R3, R5 and R6 are C11 alkyl; and R2 and R4 are C9 alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure of Formula (VII):

In certain embodiments of the above GLA structure, R¹, R³, R⁵ and R⁶ areC₁₁-C₂₀ alkyl; and R² and R⁴ are C₉-C₂₀ alkyl. In certain embodiments.R¹, R³, R⁵ and R⁶ are C₁₁-C₂₀ alkyl; and R² and R⁴ are C₉ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure (SLA):

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure:

In certain embodiments, the TLR4 agonist is a synthetic GLA adjuvanthaving the following structure:

In another embodiment, an attenuated lipid A derivative (ALD) isincorporated into the compositions described herein. ALDs are lipidA-like molecules that have been altered or constructed so that themolecule displays lesser or different of the adverse effects of lipid A.These adverse effects include pyrogenicity, local Shwarzman reactivityand toxicity as evaluated in the chick embryo 50% lethal dose assay(CELD₅₀). ALDs useful according to the present disclosure includemonophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) and 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A(3D-MLA). MLA and 3D-MLA are known and need not be described in detailherein. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,727 issued Mar. 13, 1984,assigned to Ribi ImmunoChem Research, Inc., which disclosesmonophosphoryl lipid A and its manufacture. U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,094 andreexamination certificate B1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,912,094 to Myers, et al.,also assigned to Ribi ImmunoChem Research, Inc., embodies 3-deacylatedmonophosphoryl lipid A and a method for its manufacture. Disclosures ofeach of these patents with respect to MLA and 3D-MLA are incorporatedherein by reference.

In the TLR4 agonist compounds above, the overall charge can bedetermined according to the functional groups in the molecule. Forexample, a phosphate group can be negatively charged or neutral,depending on the ionization state of the phosphate group.

d. CpG Nucleotides

In one embodiment the adjuvant is an immunostimulatory oligonucleotidecontaining ummethylated CpG dinucleotides (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,544,518). Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides containing ummethylatedCpG dinuclcotidcs (“CpG”) are known as being adjuvants. In someembodiments, the CpG oligonucleotides of the present disclosure cancontain two or more dinucleotide CpG motifs separated by at least three,at least four, at least five, or at least six or more nucleotides.

Examples of CpG oligonucleotides sequences are disclosed in thefollowing publications; for certain herein disclosed embodiments thesequences can contain phosphorothioate modified internucleotidelinkages:

CPG 7909: Cooper et al., “CPG 7909 adjuvant improves hepatitis B virusvaccine seroprotection in antiretroviral-treated HIV-infected adults.”AIDS, 2005 Sep. 23; 19(14): 1473-9.

CpG 10101: Bayes et al., “Gateways to clinical trials.” Methods Find.Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005 April; 27(3):193-219.

Vollmer J., “Progress in drug development of immunostimulatory CpGoligodeoxynucleotide ligands for TLR9.” Expert Opinion on BiologicalTherapy. 2005 May, 5(5): 673-682

Alternative CpG oligonucleotides may comprise variants of the sequencesdescribed in the above-cited publications that differ in that they haveinconsequential nucleotide sequence substitutions, insertions, deletionsand/or additions thereto. The CpG oligonucleotides utilized in certainembodiments of the present disclosure may be synthesized by any methodknown in the art (e.g., EP 468520). Conveniently, such oligonucleotidesmay be synthesized utilizing an automated synthesizer. Theoligonucleotides are typically deoxynucleotides. In one embodiment theinternucleotide bond in the oligonucleotide is phosphorodithioate, or aphosphorothioate bond, although phosphodiesters are also within thescope of the presently contemplated embodiments. Oligonucleotidescomprising different internucleotide linkages are also contemplated,e.g., mixed phosphorothioate phophodiesters Other internucleotide bondswhich stabilize the oligonucleotide may also be used.

iii. Organisms and Viruses

In some embodiments, the agent is an organism. Thus in theseembodiments, the compositions described comprise the nanoalum particlesprovided herein, and further comprise an organism.

For example, the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causestuberculosis (TB) Currently, vaccination with live bacteria is the mostefficient method for inducing protective immunity against tuberculosis.The most common Mycobacterium employed for this purpose is BacillusCalmette-Guerin (BCG), an avirulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis. Thusin some embodiments the composition comprises a nanoalum particle and aMycobacterium.

In some embodiments the agent is a virus or a viral genome. Thus inthese embodiments, the compositions described comprise the nanoalumparticles provided herein, and further comprise a virus particle,isolated viral envelope or viral genome.

B. Association with the Nanoalum Particle

In the embodiments provided herein, the agents of the compositionsprovided herein associate with the nanoalum particle. In someembodiments the agents of the compositions provided herein bind thenanoalum particle. In some embodiments the agents of the compositionsprovided herein are adsorbed to the nanoalum particle. Such binding oradsorption refers to an interaction between molecules or portionsthereof that exhibit mutual affinity or binding capacity, typically dueto specific or non-specific binding or interaction, including, but notlimited to, biochemical, physiological, and/or chemical interactions. Incertain embodiments, binding to a nanoalum particle can be determined byUV spectroscopy or gel electrophoresis.

Adsorption onto nanoalum particle can take place generally, but notlimited to, by the following mechanisms: electrostatic interaction andligand exchange. Electrostatic interaction uses the presence of oppositecharges on the components under a certain solution condition. Ligandexchange uses a phosphate group in one of the components to exchangewith a hydroxyl group of another component. For ligand exchange,accessible phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups in the components areused. In some embodiments, to prepare a composition with an agent,antigen, or adjuvant there is consideration of the charge and presenceof phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups on the agent.

i. Ligand Exchange

In certain embodiments with respect to the ligand exchange mechanism,there may be ligand exchange between the agent and the aluminum salt.

In certain embodiments, there may be ligand exchange between an adjuvantagent and the aluminum salt. Certain components in the adjuvantcomposition comprise phosphate groups while other certain componentscomprise hydroxyl groups, thus enabling ligand exchange. For example,certain TLR4 agonists comprise phosphate groups. AdjuPhos® comprisesphosphate groups. Hydroxyl groups arc present in at least the followingcomponents: antigens, TLR agonists, lipid/surfactant, and Alhydrogel®.

ii. Electrostatic Interaction

In certain embodiments with respect to the electrostatic interactionmechanism, there may be ligand exchange between the agent and thealuminum salt.

In certain exemplary embodiments with respect to the electrostaticinteraction mechanism, a vaccine composition is substantially neutrallycharged at about physiological pH. If the antigen for the vaccinecomposition is charged, the components for the adjuvant composition canbe selected to neutralize the charge of the antigen to provide asubstantially neutrally charged vaccine composition. If the antigen forthe vaccine composition is substantially neutrally charged, thecomponents for the adjuvant composition can be selected to maintain thesubstantially neutral charge of the antigen to provide a substantiallyneutrally charged vaccine composition.

As noted above, each of the components in the composition can becharacterized by negatively charged, positively charged, or neutrallycharged.

C. Dose Sparing

In some embodiments, a composition comprising the nanoalum particlesprovided herein and further comprising an agent, exhibits dose sparingand/or high levels of in vivo expression. In one embodiment, use of acomposition comprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided hereinallows for use of at least 5% less, at least 10% less, at least 20%less, at least 25% less, at least 30% less, at least 40% less, at least50% less, at least 60% less, at least 75% less, at least 80% less, atleast 90% less, at least 95% less or even at least 99% less of theagent, as compared to the amount of agent that would have been used toachieve the same biological and/or physiological effect, had acomposition comprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided hereinnot been used for delivery. In one embodiment, use of a compositioncomprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided herein allows foruse of a dose of about 1 μg, 5 μg, 2 μg, 1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of anagent to achieve the biological and/or physiological effect. In oneparticular embodiment, use of a composition comprising any one of thenanoalum particles provided herein allows for use of a dose of apolypeptide of about 1 μg, 5 μg, 2 μg, 1 μg, or 10 ng, 1 ng, of an agentto achieve the desired biological and/or physiological effect. In oneparticular embodiment, use of a composition comprising any one of thenanoalum particles provided herein allows for use of a dose of apolypeptide of about 1 μg, 5 μg. 2 μg, 1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of an agentto achieve an immune response. In one particular embodiment, use of acomposition comprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided hereinallows for use of a dose of a polynucleotide of about 1 μg, 5 μg, 2 μg,1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of an agent to achieve the desired biologicaland/or physiological effect. In one particular embodiment, use of acomposition comprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided hereinallows for use of a dose of a polynucleotide of about 1 μg, 5 μg, 2 μg,1 μg, or 10 ng, 1 ng, of an agent to achieve an immune response. In oneparticular embodiment, use of a composition comprising any one of thenanoalum particles provided herein allows for use of a dose of an RNApolynucleotide of about 100 ng, 50 ng, 30 ng, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of an RNAagent to achieve an immune response. In one particular embodiment, useof a composition comprising any one of the nanoalum particles providedherein allows for use of a dose of a replicon RNA vector polynucleotideof about 1 μg, 5 μg. 2 μg, 1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of an agent to achievean immune response. In one particular embodiment, use of a compositioncomprising any one of the nanoalum particles provided herein allows foruse of a dose of an mRNA vector polynucleotide of about 10 μg, 5 μg. 2μg, 1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng, of an agent to achieve an immune response.

In one embodiment dose sparing is achieved with 300 fold less RNA neededdeliver the RNA polynucleotide to achieve expression of the polypeptideantigen to generate an immune response compared to unformulated RNA. Inone embodiment dose sparing is achieved with 100 fold less RNA neededdeliver the RNA polynucleotide to achieve expression of the polypeptideantigen to generate an immune response compared to unformulated RNA. Inone embodiment dose sparing is achieved with 50 fold less RNA neededdeliver the RNA polynucleotide to achieve expression of the polypeptideantigen to generate an immune response compared to unformulated RNA. Inone embodiment dose sparing is achieved with 30 fold less RNA neededdeliver the RNA polynucleotide to achieve expression of the polypeptideantigen to generate an immune response compared to unformulated RNA. Inone embodiment dose sparing is achieved with 10 fold less RNA neededdeliver the RNA polynucleotide to achieve expression of the polypeptideantigen to generate an immune response compared to unformulated RNA.

D. Pharmaceutical Compositions

Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nanoalumparticles and compositions described herein. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprising a nanoalum particle further comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccine composition.The compositions described herein can be administered to a subject forany therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. In some embodiment, thecompositions described herein are used for stimulating an immuneresponse in the subject (including a non-specific response and anantigen-specific response). In the embodiments provided herein, thesubject is a mammal (e.g., an animal including farm animals (cows, pigs,goats, horses, etc.), pets (cats, dogs, etc.), and rodents (rats, mice,etc.), or a human). In particular, formulations and compositions of thepresent invention that promote a Th1 immune response can be used forstimulating such a response in a subject.

Pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise compositions describedherein and may further comprise one or more components as providedherein that are selected from an antigen, additional agonists, or arecombinant expression construct, in combination with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

In the embodiments provided herein, the pharmaceutical composition iscapable of being filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is capable of being filteredthrough a 0.20 micron filter. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is capable of being filtered through a 0.22 micron filter.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is drawn to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a nanoalum particle comprises a TLR7/8 agonist ora TLR4 agonist. Such a composition can be used for “monotherapy” whereinthe TLR7/8 agonist or TLR 4 agonist, as described herein, is formulatedin a composition and the composition is substantially devoid of otherantigens, and is administered to a subject in order to stimulate animmune response, e.g., a non-specific immune response or anantigen-specific immune response, for the purpose of diagnosis, treatingor preventing a disease or other condition, such as an infection by anorganism.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a vaccinecomposition that comprises both compositions described herein and anantigen and may further comprise one or more components, as providedherein, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,excipient or diluent. Illustrative carriers will be nontoxic torecipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.

Illustrative carriers will be nontoxic to recipients at the dosages andconcentrations employed.

In the embodiments provided herein, a dosage of about 1 ng/kg to about 1mg/kg of the pharmaceutical composition is administered. In theembodiments provided herein, a dosage of about 1 ng to about 1 mg of thepharmaceutical composition is administered. In some embodiments, adosage of about 500 μg, 200 μg, 100 μg, 50 μg, 25 μg, 20 μg, 15 μg, 10μg, 5 μg, 2 μg, 1 μg, 10 ng, or 1 ng of the pharmaceutical compositionis administered. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that thenumber and frequency of administration will be dependent upon theresponse of the subject. “Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” fortherapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and aredescribed, for example, in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, MackPublishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985). For example, sterile salineand phosphate-buffered saline at physiological pH may be used.Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may beprovided in the pharmaceutical composition. For example, sodiumbenzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid may be addedas preservatives. Id. at 1449. In addition, antioxidants and suspendingagents may be used. Id.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts of the compounds ofthe present disclosure derived from the combination of such compoundsand an organic or inorganic acid (acid addition salts) or an organic orinorganic base (base addition salts). The compositions of the presentdisclosure may be used in either the free base or salt forms, with bothforms being considered as being within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in any form which allows for thecomposition to be administered to a patient. For example, thecomposition may be in the form of a solid, liquid or gas (aerosol).Typical routes of administration include, without limitation, oral,topical, parenteral (e.g., sublingually or buccally), sublingual,rectal, vaginal, and intranasal (e.g., as a spray). The term parenteralas used herein includes iontophoretic (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,033,598;7,018,345, 6,970,739), sonophoretic (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,780,212;4,767,402; 4,948,587; 5,618,275; 5,656,016; 5,722,397; 6,322,532;6,018,678), thermal (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,211; 6,685,699), passivetransdermal (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,598,122; 3,598,123; 4,286,592;4,314,557; 4,379,454; 4,568,343; 5,464,387; UK Pat. Spec. No. 2232892;U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,871,477; 6,974,588; 6,676,961), microneedle (e.g., U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,908,453; 5,457,041; 5,591,139; 6,033,928) and jet injectionadministration and also subcutaneous injections, intravenous,intramuscular, intrasternal, intracavernous, intrathecal, intrameatal,intraurethral injection or infusion techniques. In a particularembodiment, a composition as described herein (including vaccine andpharmaceutical compositions) is administered intradermally by atechnique selected from iontophoresis, microcavitation, sonophoresis ormicroneedles.

The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated so as to allow theactive ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable uponadministration of the composition to a subject. Compositions that willbe administered to a subject take the form of one or more dosage units,where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a containerof one or more compounds of the present disclosure in aerosol form mayhold a plurality of dosage units.

For oral administration, an excipient and/or binder may be present.Examples are sucrose, kaolin, glycerin, starch dextrins, sodiumalginate, carboxymethylcellulose and ethyl cellulose. Coloring and/orflavoring agents may be present. A coating shell may be employed.

The composition may be in the form of a liquid, e.g., an elixir, syrup,solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid may be for oraladministration or for delivery by injection, as two examples. Whenintended for oral administration, compositions can contain one or moreof a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer.In a composition intended to be administered by injection, one or moreof a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent,suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.

A liquid pharmaceutical composition as used herein, whether in the formof a solution, suspension or other like form, may include one or more ofthe following carriers or excipients: sterile diluents such as water forinjection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer'ssolution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as squalene,squalene, mineral oil, a mannide monooleate, cholesterol, and/orsynthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent orsuspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol orother solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methylparaben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite;chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers suchas acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment oftonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparationcan be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vialsmade of glass or plastic. An injectable pharmaceutical composition ispreferably sterile.

In another embodiment, a composition of the present disclosure isformulated in a manner which can be aerosolized.

It may also be desirable to include other components in a pharmaceuticalcomposition, such as delivery vehicles including but not limited toaluminum salts, water-in-oil emulsions, biodegradable oil vehicles,oil-in-water emulsions, biodegradable microcapsules, and liposomes.Examples of additional immunostimulatory substances (co-adjuvants) foruse in such vehicles are also described above and may includeN-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine-D-isoglutamine (MDP), glucan, IL-12, GM-CSF,gamma interferon and IL-12.

While any suitable carrier known to those of ordinary skill in the artmay be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the presentdisclosure, the type of carrier will vary depending on the mode ofadministration and whether a sustained release is desired. Forparenteral administration, such as subcutaneous injection, the carriercan comprise water, saline, alcohol, a fat, a wax or a buffer. For oraladministration, any of the above carriers or a solid carrier, such asmannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, and magnesium carbonate, may beemployed. Biodegradable microspheres (e.g., polylactic galactide) mayalso be employed as carriers for the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent disclosure. Suitable biodegradable microspheres are disclosed,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,268 and 5,075,109 In this regard,it is preferable that the microsphere be larger than approximately 25microns.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also contain diluents such as buffers,antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (less thanabout 10 residues) polypeptides, proteins, amino acids, carbohydratesincluding glucose, sucrose or dextrins, chelating agents such as EDTA,glutathione and other stabilizers and excipients. Neutral bufferedsaline or saline mixed with nonspecific serum albumin are exemplaryappropriate diluents. For example, a product may be formulated as alyophilizate using appropriate excipient solutions (e.g., sucrose) asdiluents.

As described above, in certain embodiments the present disclosureincludes compositions capable of delivering nucleic acid moleculesencoding desired antigens. Such compositions include recombinant viralvectors (e.g., retroviruses (sec WO 90/07936, WO 91/02805, WO 93/25234,WO 93/25698, and WO 94/03622), adenovirus (see Berkner, Biotechniques6:616-627, 1988; Li et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 4:403-409, 1993; Vincent etal., Nat. Genet. 5:130-134, 1993; and Kolls et al., Proc. Natl. AcadSci. USA 91:215-219, 1994), pox virus (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,330;5,017,487; and WO 89/01973)), recombinant expression construct nucleicacid molecules complexed to a polycationic molecule (see WO 93/03709),and nucleic acids associated with liposomes (see Wang et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7851, 1987). In certain embodiments, the DNA maybe linked to killed or inactivated adenovirus (see Curiel et al., Hum.Gene Ther. 3:147-154, 1992; Cotton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89:6094, 1992). Other suitable compositions include DNA-ligand (see Wuet al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:16985-16987, 1989) and lipid-DNA combinations(see Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413-7417, 1989).

In certain embodiments a liquid composition intended for eitherparenteral or oral administration should contain an amount of vaccinecomposition such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Typically,this amount is at least 0.01 wt % of an antigen in the composition. Whenintended for oral administration, this amount may be varied to bebetween 0.1 and about 70% of the weight of the composition. Oralcompositions can contain between about 4% and about 50% of the antigen.Compositions and preparations can be prepared so that a parenteraldosage unit contains between 0.01 to 1% by weight of active composition.

The pharmaceutical composition may be intended for topicaladministration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise asolution, emulsion, ointment or gel base. The base, for example, maycomprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethyleneglycols, beeswax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, andemulsifiers and stabilizers. Thickening agents may be present in apharmaceutical composition for topical administration. If intended fortransdermal administration, the composition may include a transdermalpatch or iontophoresis device. Topical formulations may contain aconcentration of the antigen (e.g., GLA-antigen vaccine composition) orGLA (e.g., immunological adjuvant composition; GLA is available fromAvanti Polar Lipids, Inc., Alabaster, Ala.; e.g., product number 699800)of from about 0.1 to about 10% w/v (weight per unit volume).

The composition may be intended for rectal administration, in the form,e.g., of a suppository which will melt in the rectum and release thedrug. The composition for rectal administration may contain anoleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient. Such basesinclude, without limitation, lanolin, cocoa butter and polyethyleneglycol. In the methods of the present disclosure, the vaccinecompositions/adjuvants may be administered through use of inserts),bead(s), timed-release formulation(s), patch(es) or fast-releaseformulation(s).

V. Uses of Nanoalum Particles and Compositions

A. Therapeutics

In some embodiments the agent is useful for therapeutic purposes. Thusin some embodiments, the compositions described comprise the nanoalumparticles provided herein, and further comprise an agent for thetreatment of a disease, condition, or disorder.

In some embodiments the agent is useful for the treatment or preventionof allergy, cancer, infectious disease, autoimmunity, or addiction.

The herein disclosed embodiments, compositions comprise cancer antigens.In some embodiments, a vaccine composition comprises a cancer antigenthat will be useful against any cancer characterized by tumor associatedantigen expression, such as HER-2/neu expression or othercancer-specific or cancer-associated antigens.

Compositions and methods according to certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure may also be used for the prophylaxis or therapy of autoimmunediseases, which include diseases, conditions or disorders wherein ahost's or subject's immune system detrimentally mediates an immuneresponse that is directed against “self” tissues, cells, biomolecules(e.g., peptides, polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins,proteolipids, lipids, glycolipids, nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA,oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, orthe like, and other molecular components of the subjects cells andtissues) or epitopes (e.g., specific immunologically defined recognitionstructures such as those recognized by an antibody variable regioncomplementarity determining region (CDR) or by a T cell receptor CDR.

Autoimmune diseases are thus characterized by an abnormal immuneresponse involving either cells or antibodies that are in either casedirected against normal autologous tissues. Autoimmune diseases inmammals can generally be classified in one of two different categories:cell-mediated disease (i.e., T-cell) or antibody-mediated disorders.Non-limiting examples of cell-mediated autoimmune diseases includemultiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, type Idiabetes mellitus (Juvenile onset diabetes) and autoimmune uvoretinitis.Antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders include, but are not limited to,myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus (or SLE), Graves'disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia,autoimmune asthma, cryoglobulinemia, thrombic thrombocytopenic purpura,primary biliary sclerosis and pernicious anemia. The antigen(s)associated with: systemic lupus erythematosus is small nuclearribonucleic acid proteins (snRNP); Graves' disease is the thyrotropinreceptor, thyroglobulin and other components of thyroid epithelial cells(Akamizu et al., 1996; Kellerman et al., 1995; Raju et al., 1997, andTexier et al., 1992); pemphigus is cadherin-like pemphigus antigens suchas desmoglein 3 and other adhesion molecules (Memar et al., 1996.Stanley, 1995; Plott et al., 1994; and Hashimoto, 1993); and thrombicthrombocytopenic purpura is antigens of platelets. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 6,929,796; Gorski et al. (Eds.), Autoimmunity, 2001, Kluwer AcademicPublishers, Norwell, Mass.; Radbruch and Lipsky, P. E. (Eds.) CurrentConcepts in Autoimmunity and Chronic Inflammation (Curr. Top. Microbiol,and Immunol.) 2001, Springer, NY.)

Autoimmunity plays a role in more than 80 different diseases, includingtype 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis,scleroderma, and thyroid diseases. Vigorous quantitative estimates ofmorbidity for most autoimmune diseases are lacking. Most recent studiesdone in the late 1990s reveal that autoimmune diseases are the thirdmost common major illness in the United States; and the most commonautoimmune diseases affect more than 8.5 million Americans. Currentestimates of the prevalence of the disease range from 5 to 8 percent ofthe United States population. Most autoimmune diseasesdisproportionately affect women. Women are 2.7 times more likely thanmen to acquire an autoimmune disease. Women are more susceptible toautoimmune diseases; men appear to have higher levels of natural killercell activity than do women. (Jacobsen et al, Clinical Immunology andImmunopathology, 84:223-243, 1997.)

The compositions provided herein may be used for inducing protectiveimmunity, for example against tuberculosis include the use ofpolypeptides that contain at least one immunogenic portion of one ormore Mycobacterium proteins and DNA and RNA molecules encoding suchpolypeptides. In addition, such compounds may be formulated intovaccines and/or pharmaceutical compositions for immunization againstMycobacterium infection. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,949,246 and 6,555,653).

In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure willbe particularly applicable in treatment of the elderly and/or theimmunosuppressed, including subjects on kidney dialysis, subjects onchemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, transplant recipients, and thelike. Such individuals generally exhibit diminished immune responses tovaccines and therefore use of the compositions of the present disclosurecan enhance the immune responses achieved in these subjects.

In other embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure includeantigens associated with respiratory diseases, such as those caused orexacerbated by bacterial infection (e g pneumococcal), for theprophylaxis and therapy of conditions such as chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (COPD).

In addition to direct in vivo procedures, ex vivo procedures may be usedin which cells are removed from a host, modified, and placed into thesame or another host animal. It will be evident that one can utilize anyof the compositions noted above for introduction of antigen-encodingnucleic acid molecules into tissue cells in an ex vivo context.Protocols for viral, physical and chemical methods of uptake are wellknown in the art.

Accordingly, the present disclosure is useful for enhancing oreliciting, in a host, a patient or in cell culture, an immune response.As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any mammal. A patient maybe afflicted with an infectious disease, cancer, such as breast cancer,or an autoimmune disease, or may be normal (i.e., free of detectabledisease and/or infection) A “cell culture” is any preparation containingimmunocompetent cells or isolated cells of the immune system (including,but not limited to, T cells, macrophages, monocytes, B cells anddendritic cells). Such cells may be isolated by any of a variety oftechniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g.,Ficoll-hypaque density centrifugation). The cells may (but need not)have been isolated from a patient afflicted with cancer, and may bereintroduced into a patient after treatment.

B. Vaccine

The present disclosure thus provides compositions for altering (i.e.,increasing or decreasing in a statistically significant manner, forexample, relative to an appropriate control as will be familiar topersons skilled in the art) immune responses in a host capable ofmounting an immune response. As will be known to persons having ordinaryskill in the art, an immune response may be any active alteration of theimmune status of a host, which may include any alteration in thestructure or function of one or more tissues, organs, cells or moleculesthat participate in maintenance and/or regulation of host immune status.Typically, immune responses may be detected by any of a variety ofwell-known parameters, including but not limited to in vivo or in vitrodetermination of: soluble immunoglobulins or antibodies; solublemediators such as cytokines, lymphokines, chemokines, hormones, growthfactors and the like as well as other soluble small peptide,carbohydrate, nucleotide and/or lipid mediators; cellular activationstate changes as determined by altered functional or structuralproperties of ceils of the immune system, for example cellproliferation, altered motility, induction of specialized activitiessuch as specific gene expression or cytolytic behavior; cellulardifferentiation by cells of the immune system, including altered surfaceantigen expression profiles or the onset of apoptosis (programmed celldeath); or any other criterion by which the presence of an immuneresponse may be detected.

Determination of the induction of an immune response by the compositionsof the present disclosure may be established by any of a number ofwell-known immunological assays with which those having ordinary skillin the art will be readily familiar. Such assays include, but need notbe limited to, to in vivo or in vitro determination of: solubleantibodies; soluble mediators such as cytokines, lymphokines,chemokines, hormones, growth factors and the like as well as othersoluble small peptide, carbohydrate, nucleotide and/or lipid mediators;cellular activation state changes as determined by altered functional orstructural properties of cells of the immune system, for example cellproliferation, altered motility, induction of specialized activitiessuch as specific gene expression or cytolytic behavior; cellulardifferentiation by cells of the immune system, including altered surfaceantigen expression profiles or the onset of apoptosis (programmed celldeath). Procedures for performing these and similar assays are widelyknown and may be found, for example in Lefkovits (Immunology MethodsManual: The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Techniques, 1998; see alsoCurrent Protocols in Immunology; see also, e.g., Weir, Handbook ofExperimental Immunology, 1986 Blackwell Scientific, Boston, Mass.;Mishell and Shigii (eds.) Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, 1979Freeman Publishing, San Francisco, Calif.; Green and Reed, 1998 Science281.1309 and references cited therein).

Detection of the proliferation of antigen-reactive T cells may beaccomplished by a variety of known techniques. For example, T cellproliferation can be detected by measuring the rate of DNA synthesis,and antigen specificity can be determined by controlling the stimuli(such as, for example, a specific desired antigen- or a controlantigen-pulsed antigen presenting cells) to which candidateantigen-reactive T cells are exposed T cells which have been stimulatedto proliferate exhibit an increased rate of DNA synthesis A typical wayto measure the rate of DNA synthesis is, for example, by pulse-labelingcultures of T cells with tritiated thymidine, a nucleoside precursorwhich is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA. The amount oftritiated thymidine incorporated can be determined using a liquidscintillation spectrophotometer. Other ways to detect T cellproliferation include measuring increases in interleukin-2 (IL-2)production, Ca2+ flux, or dye uptake, such as3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium. Alternatively,synthesis of lymphokines (such as interferon-gamma) can be measured orthe relative number of T cells that can respond to a particular antigenmay be quantified.

Detection of antigen-specific antibody production may be achieved, forexample, by assaying a sample (e.g., an immunoglobulin containing samplesuch as serum, plasma or blood) from a host treated with a vaccineaccording to the present disclosure using in vitro methodologies such asradioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA),equilibrium dialysis or solid phase immunoblotting including Westernblotting. In embodiments ELISA assays may further includeantigen-capture immobilization of the target antigen with a solid phasemonoclonal antibody specific for the antigen, for example, to enhancethe sensitivity of the assay. Elaboration of soluble mediators (e.g.,cytokines, chemokines, lymphokines, prostaglandins, etc.) may also bereadily determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), forexample, using methods, apparatus and reagents that are readilyavailable from commercial sources (e.g., Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.; see alsoR & D Systems 2006 Catalog, R & D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.).

Any number of other immunological parameters may be monitored usingroutine assays that are well known in the art. These may include, forexample, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays,secondary in vitro antibody responses, flow immunocytofluorimetricanalysis of various peripheral blood or lymphoid mononuclear cellsubpopulations using well established marker antigen systems,immunohistochemistry or other relevant assays. These and other assaysmay be found, for example, in Rose et al. (Eds.), Manual of ClinicalLaboratory Immunolog, 5th Ed., 1997 American Society of Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

Accordingly it is contemplated that the compositions provided hereinwill be capable of eliciting or enhancing in a host at least one immuneresponse that is selected from a Th1-type T lymphocyte response, aTH2-type T lymphocyte response, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response,an antibody response, a cytokine response, a lymphokine response, achemokinc response, and an inflammatory response. In certain embodimentsthe immune response may comprise at least one of production of one or aplurality of cytokines wherein the cytokine is selected frominterferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),production of one or a plurality of interleukins wherein the interleukinis selected from IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12,IL-13, IL-16, EL-18 and EL-23, production one or a plurality ofchemokines wherein the chemokine is selected from MIP-la, MIP-1β,RANTES, CCL4 and CCL5, and a lymphocyte response that is selected from amemory T cell response, a memory B cell response, an effector T cellresponse, a cytotoxic T cell response and an effector B cell response.See, e.g., WO 94/00153; WO 95/17209; WO 96/02555; U.S. Pat. Nos.6,692,752; 7,084,256; 6,977,073; 6,749,856; 6,733,763; 6,797,276;6,752,995; 6,057,427; 6,472,515; 6,309,847; 6,969,704; 6,120,769;5,993,800; 5,595,888; Smith et al., 1987 J Biol Chem. 262:6951; Kriegleret al., 1988 Cell 53:45 S3; Beutler et al., 1986 Nature 320:584; U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,991,791; 6,654,462; 6,375,944.

The nanoalum formulations of the present invention are useful for thetreatment or prevention of disease such as pertussis, tuberculosis,leprosy, malaria, HIV, leishmaniasis and influenza. In particular, theability of the nanoalum formulations to promote Th1 immunity makes themparticularly useful in this regard.

C. Diagnostic Agents

In some embodiments the agent is a diagnostic agent. Thus in theseembodiments, the compositions described comprise the nanoalum particlesprovided herein, and further comprise a diagnostic agent and are usefulfor the diagnosis of any disease, condition, or disorder.

In some embodiments, the diagnostic agents are useful for the detectioncancer. Compositions and methods are known in the art for identifyingsubjects having, or suspected of being at risk for developing cancer aredescribed herein. Diagnosis of cancer in a subject having or suspectedof being at risk for having cancer may be accomplished by any of a widerange of art-accepted methodologies, which may vary depending on avariety of factors including clinical presentation, degree ofprogression of the cancer, the type of cancer, and other factors.Examples of cancer diagnostics include histopathological,histocytochemical, immunohistocytochemical and immunohistopathologicalexamination of patient samples (e.g., blood, skin biopsy, other tissuebiopsy, surgical specimens, etc.). PCR tests for defined genetic (e.g.,nucleic acid) markers, serological tests for circulatingcancer-associated antigens or cells bearing such antigens, or forantibodies of defined specificity, or other methodologies with whichthose skilled in the art will be familiar. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,734,172; 6,770,445; 6,893,820; 6,979,730; 7,060,802; 7,030,232;6,933,123; 6,682,901; 6,587,792; 6,512,102; 7,078,180; 7,070,931;JP5-328975; Waslylyk et al., 1993 Eur. J Bioch. 211 (7): 18. Any one ormore of these diagnostic agents can be included in the compositionscomprising nanoalum particles described herein.

In some embodiments, the diagnostic agents are useful for the detectionof an autoimmune disease. Detection of an autoantibody thus permitsearly discovery or recognition of presence or risk for developing anautoimmune disease. Based on these findings, a variety of autoantibodiesagainst autoantigens have been discovered and the autoantibodies againstautoantigens have been measured in clinical tests (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.6,919,210, 6,596,501, 7,012,134,6,919,078) while other autoimmunediagnostics may involve detection of a relevant metabolite (e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 4,659,659) or immunological reactivity (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,614,722 and 5,147,785,4,420,558, 5,298,396, 5,162,990, 4,420,461,4,595,654, 5,846,758,6,660,487). Thus in some embodiments, thecompositions comprising any one of the nanoalum particles describedherein, further comprise an autoantibody useful for the detection of anautoantigen.

In one embodiment, the diagnostic agents are useful for the detection ofinfectious diseases. Compositions and methods are known in the art foridentifying subjects having, or suspected of being at risk for having,an infection with an infectious pathogen as described herein.

For example, the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis cases tuberculosis(TB). Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions comprising any of thenanoalum particles described herein further comprise an agent fordiagnosing tuberculosis. Diagnostic kits containing such polypeptides orDNA sequences and a suitable detection reagent may be used for thedetection of Mycobacterium infection in patients and biological samples.Antibodies directed against such polypeptides are also provided.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprising any of the nanoalumparticles described herein further comprise an agent for diagnosingmalaria, using any one of the diagnostic agents described below. An invitro diagnostic method for malaria in an individual is known,comprising placing a tissue or a biological fluid taken from anindividual in contact with a molecule or polypeptide composition,wherein said molecule or polypeptide composition comprises one or morepeptide sequences bearing all or part of one or more T epitopes of theproteins resulting from the infectious activity of P. falciparum, underconditions allowing an in vitro immunological reaction to occur betweensaid composition and the antibodies that may be present in the tissue orbiological fluid, and in vitro detection of the antigen-antibodycomplexes formed (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,231).

Expression and purification of a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum (3D7)AMA-1 ectodomain have been described. Previous methods have produced ahighly purified protein which retains folding and disulfide bridging ofthe native molecule. The recombinant AMA-1 is useful as diagnosticreagents well as in antibody production, and as a protein for use alone,or as part of, a vaccine to prevent malaria. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,685)

Polynucleotides have been described in the art that encodespecies-specific P. vivax malarial peptide antigens which are proteinsor fragments of proteins secreted into the plasma of a susceptiblemammalian host after infection, as have monoclonal or polyclonalantibodies directed against these antigens. The peptide antigens,monoclonal antibodies, and/or polyclonal antibodies are utilized inassays used to diagnose malaria, as well as to determine whetherPlasmodium vivax is the species responsible for the infection. (U.S.Pat. No. 6,706,872) Species-specific P. vivax malarial peptide antigenshave also been reported which are proteins or fragments of proteinssecreted into the plasma of a susceptible mammalian host afterinfection, as have monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies directed againstthese antigens. The peptide antigens, monoclonal antibodies, and/orpolyclonal antibodies are utilized in assays used to diagnose malaria,as well as to determine whether Plasmodium vivax is the speciesresponsible for the infection (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,231,861).

A recombinant Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) AMA-1 ectodomain has also beenexpressed by a method that produces a highly purified protein whichretains folding and disulfide bridging of the native molecule. Therecombinant AMA-1 is useful as a diagnostic reagent, for use in antibodyproduction, and as a vaccine. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,276) Similarly knownare the expression and purification of a recombinant Plasmodiumfalciparum (3D7) MSP-142, which retains folding and disulfide bridgingof the native molecule. The recombinant MSP-142 is useful as adiagnostic reagent, for use in antibody production, and as a vaccine.(U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,322)

Diagnostic methods for the detection of human malaria infections toidentify a subject having or suspected of being at risk for having aninfection with a malaria infectious pathogen are thus known according tothese and related disclosures. Specifically, for example, blood samplesare combined with a reagent containing 3-acetyl pyridine adeninedinucleotide (APAD), a substrate (e.g. a lactate salt or lactic acid),and a buffer. The reagent is designed to detect the presence of a uniqueglycolytic enzyme produced by the malaria parasite. This enzyme is knownas parasite lactic acid dehydrogenase (PLDH). PLDH is readilydistinguishable from host LDH using the above-described reagent.Combination of the reagent with a parasitized blood sample results inthe reduction of APAD. However, APAD is not reduced by host LDH. Thereduced APAD may then be detected by various techniques, includingspectral, fluorimetric, electrophoretic, or colorimetric analysis.Detection of the reduced APAD in the foregoing manner provides apositive indication of malaria infection (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,124,141). In another methodology for diagnosing malaria, a polypeptidecomprising a characteristic amino acid sequence derived from thePlasmodium falciparum antigen GLURP, is recognized in a test sample by aspecific antibody raised against or reactive with the polypeptide. (U.S.Pat. No. 5,231,168).

In some embodiments, the compositions comprising any of the nanoalumparticles described herein further comprise an agent useful fordiagnosing Leishmaniasis, using any one of the diagnostic agentsdescribed below. Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease withfrequent epidemics in the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Latin Americaand is a World Health Organization priority for vaccine development. Acomplex of different diseases, Leishmania parasites cause fatalinfections of internal organs, as well as serious skin disease. One ofthe most devastating forms of leishmaniasis is a disfiguring infectionof the nose and mouth. The number of cases of leishmaniasis isincreasing, and it is now out of control in many areas. Leishmaniasis isalso on the rise in some developed countries, specifically southernEurope as a result of HTV infection. Available drugs are toxic,expensive, and require long-term daily injections.

Leishmania are protozoan parasites that inhabit macrophages or the whiteblood cells of the immune system. The parasites are transmitted by thebite of small blood sucking insects (sand flies), which are difficult tocontrol, as they inhabit vast areas of the planet.

Visceral leishmaniasis is the most dangerous of the three manifestationsof the disease. It is estimated that about 500,000 new cases of thevisceral form (kala-azar or “the killing disease”) occur each year Morethan 200 million people are currently at risk for contracting visceralleishmaniasis. Over 90 percent of visceral leishmaniasis cases occur inIndia, Bangladesh, Sudan, Brazil, and Nepal. Most of the deaths occur inchildren. Those with the cutaneous forms are often left permanentlydisfigured.

Leishmania infections are difficult to diagnose and typically involvehistopathologic analysis of tissue biopsy specimens. Several serologicaland immunological diagnostic assays have, however, been developed. (U.S.Pat. No. 7,008,774; Senaldi et al., (1996) J. Immunol. Methods 193:9 5;Zijlstra, et al., (1997) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91:671 673,Badaro, et al., (1996) J Inf. Dis 173:758 761; Choudhary, S., et al.,(1992) J. Comm. Dis. 24:32 36; Badaro, R., et al., (1986) Am. J. Trop.Med. Hyg. 35:72 78; Choudhary, A., et al., (1990) Trans. R. Soc. Trop.Med. Hyg. 84:363 366; and Reed, S. G., et al., (1990) Am. J. Trop. Med.Hyg. 43:632 639). The promastigotes release metabolic products into theculture medium to produce conditioned medium. These metabolic productsare immunogenic to the host. See Schnur, L. F., et al., (1972) lsrl. J.Med. Sci. 8:932 942; Sergeiev, V. P., et al., (1969) Med. Parasitol.38:208 212; El-On, J., et al., (1979) Exper. Parasitol. 47:254 269; andBray, R S., et al, (1966) Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60:605 609; U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,846,648, 5,912,166; 5,719,263; 5,411,865).

In some embodiments, the compositions comprising any of the nanoalumparticles described herein further comprise an agent useful fordiagnosing HIV, using any one of the diagnostic agents described below.Methods for diagnosing HIV infections are known, including by vimsculture, PCR of definitive nucleic acid sequences from patientspecimens, and antibody tests for the presence of anti-HIV antibodies inpatient sera, (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,979,535,6,544,728,6,316,183,6,261,762,4,743,540).

VI. Kits

Also contemplated in certain embodiments are kits comprising the hereindescribed compositions comprising nanoalum particles, which may beprovided in one or more containers. In one embodiment all components ofthe compositions arc present together in a single container, but theembodiments are not intended to be so limited and also contemplate twoor more containers in which, for example, an immunological adjuvantcomposition is separate from, and not in contact with, the antigencomponent. By way of non-limiting theory, it is believed that in somecases administration only of the immunological adjuvant composition maybe performed beneficially, whilst in other cases such administration maybeneficially be separated temporally and/or spatially (e.g., at adifferent anatomical site) from administration of the antigen, whilst instill other cases administration to the subject is beneficiallyconducted of a vaccine composition as described herein and containingboth antigen and adjuvant composition, and optionally other hereindescribed components as well.

In some embodiments, a vial of the kit comprises a compositioncomprising nanoalum particles.

In some embodiments, one vial of the kit comprises a compositioncomprising nanoalum particles, and a second vial of the kit contains abioactive agent. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a third via)containing an adjuvant.

In some embodiments, one vial of the kit comprises a compositioncomprising nanoalum particles, and a second vial of the kit contains anadjuvant. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a third vial containinga bioactive agent.

The kits of the present disclosure may further comprise instructions foruse as herein described or instructions for mixing the materialscontained in the vials. In some embodiments, the material in the vial isdry or lyophilized. In some embodiments, the material in the vial isliquid.

A container according to such kit embodiments may be any suitablecontainer, vessel, vial, ampule, tube, cup, box, bottle, flask, jar,dish, well of a single-well or multi-well apparatus, reservoir, tank, orthe like, or other device in which the herein disclosed compositions maybe placed, stored and/or transported, and accessed to remove thecontents. Typically such a container may be made of a material that iscompatible with the intended use and from which recovery of thecontained contents can be readily achieved. Non-limiting examples ofsuch containers include glass and/or plastic sealed or re-sealable tubesand ampules, including those having a rubber septum or other sealingmeans that is compatible with withdrawal of the contents using a needleand syringe Such containers may, for instance, by made of glass or achemically compatible plastic or resin, which may be made of, or may becoated with, a material that permits efficient recovery of material fromthe container and/or protects the material from, e.g., degradativeconditions such as ultraviolet light or temperature extremes, or fromthe introduction of unwanted contaminants including microbialcontaminants. The containers are preferably sterile or sterilizable, andmade of materials that will be compatible with any carrier, excipient,solvent, vehicle or the like, such as may be used to suspend or dissolvethe herein described vaccine compositions and/or immunological adjuvantcompositions and/or antigens and/or recombinant expression constructs,etc.

The following Examples are offered by way of illustration and not by wayof limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of PEG and PAA Nanoalum Formulations

Preparation of Nanoalum Formulations. Aluminum hydroxide 2% or Al(OH)3,aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxyhydroxide 2% (Alhydrogel® 85) werepurchased from EM Sargeant as a wet gel suspensions. The followinglipids were purchased from Corden Pharma (Liestal, Switzerland):Distearoylglycerophosphoethanolamine (DSPE),N-Carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol-750)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(mPEG750-DSPE),N-(Caronyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol-2000>-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(mPEG2000-DSPE),N-(Carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol-5000)-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(mPEG5000-DSPE),1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol-2000] (mPEG2000-DPPE),1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-5000] (mPEG5000-DPPE),N-(Carbonyl-methoxypolyethyleneglycol-2000)-1,2-dimuristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(mPEG2000-DMPE), andN-(Carbonyl-methoxypolyethylenglycol-5000)-1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine(mPEG5000-DMPE). Alhydrogel® ‘85’ was purchased from EM Sergeant Pulpand Chemical Company (Clifton, N.J.) and manufactured by Brenntag(Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was purchasedfrom Sigma Aldrich.

Preparation Nanoalum formulations. Briefly PEG Nanoalum was manufacturedby diluting 40 ml of Alhydrogel® (10 mg/ml aluminum) into 60 ml waterand heating in Crest Powersonic CP230D (Trenton, N.J.) water bath at˜60° C. for 2 hours. DSPE or PEGylated DSPE phospholipid was added tothe heated Alhydrogel® solution at the indicated concentrations, rangingfrom ˜0.5 to 30 mg/ml phospholipid (Table 3). All formulations werereturned to the ˜60° C. water bath to dissolve visible phospholipidaggregates. The Microfluidics M110P (Newton, Mass.), equipped with adiamond F12Y interaction chamber followed by a ceramic H30Z auxiliaryprocessing module, was used for processing the formulations at 30,000psi for up to 10 passes with recirculating chilled water to preventtemperature increase during processing. 50-μl aliquots were removedbetween selected passes for particle size characterization by dynamiclight scattering. The remaining formulation was collected after the 10thpass and placed on a stability schedule to monitor particle sizeSelected formulations manufactured on the 11 OP microfluidizer werefiltered through at 0.2-μm Supor membrane prior to in vivo biologicalactivity evaluation. Selected formulations were processed using aSilverson high-shear mixer (East Longmeadow, Mass.) for 5 minutes at5000 rpm instead of microfluidization.

For PAA nanoalum formulations, PAA with an average molecular weight of2000 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The 50% wt in water stocksolution was diluted in water to yields a 30% wt in water. 16 g of the30% wt PAA was combined with 160 g a stock 10 mg/ml Alhydrogel® solutionand pH adjusted to 6.6 with 10M NaOH. The formulations were processedusing a 110P Microfluidizer at 30 k PSI, 4° C. for 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, or20 passes.

Particle Analysis of Nanoalum Formulations. Formulations werecharacterized for particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS) usingthe Malvern Instruments (Worcestershire, UK) Zetasizer Nano-S or Nano-ZSand by laser diffraction particle analysis using the Beckman Coulter(Brea, Calif.) LS230. Particle size information was also obtained bysedimentation analysis and cryoTEM (described below). For DLS analysis,alum formulations were diluted 1:100 fold in water in a 15-mlpolystyrene disposable cuvette. DLS measurements were made in triplicateand values were reported as the scattering intensity-based averageparticle diameter, Z-ave. Samples run on the DLS were measured againstpolystyrene standards (polystyrene refractive index=1.55-1.59) of 60 and200 nm; aluminum has a refractive index of 1.24. For laserdiffraction-based measurements, Alum samples were directly into thewater-filled sample chamber a Polarization Intensity DifferentialScattering (PIDS) value between 50%±5% was reached. The Offsets(establishes electrical noise baseline by measuring the voltages of thecircuit while the laser is off) option was set to 60 seconds. BackgroundMeasure to 90 seconds, run lengths to 90 second intervals, and pumpspeed to 50%. Prior to and between sample analysis, the LS230 wasde-bubbled three times.

Sedimentation Analysis. Laser scattering optical profiling was conductedusing the LUM GmbH (Boulder. Colo.) LUMiRcader, equipped with threelasers of wavelengths 470 nm, 630 nm, and 870 nm. Particle settlingrates were determined based on changes in the laser light transmissionprofile from a vertical cross-section of the sample cuvette. 4 mL ofundiluted formulation were added directly to a cylindrical glass cellfor analysis Samples were measured for at 25° C. for 2-4 hours at a maxtilt angle of 30° with measurement scans collected every 60 seconds.Furthermore, based on the multiwavelength analysis method (2), particlesettling rates could be used to calculate volume-based particle sizedistributions for particles larger than ˜0.5 μm.

Antigen Adsorption. Antigen binding to the nano-alum formulations wasassayed by silver-stain SDS-PAGE. Prior to centrifugation, samples weremixed in the following order: alum formulation, TLR ligand, antigen, anddiluent (saline or glycerol solution). Samples were then centrifuged onthe Beckman Coulter (Brea, Calif.) Optima Max-XP Ultra Centrifuge for 30minutes at 35,000×g at 4° C., 30 μl of sample was mixed with 10 μl of 4×reduced LDS Sample Buffer, following which 20 μl was loaded into a 12lane SDS-PAGE gel with 8 μl of SeeBlue2 Prestained Standard. Each gelwas run for 55 minutes at 190 V and then placed into a fixing solutionof 50:40:10 EtOH:CH3COOH:H2O for a minimum of 2 hours or up toovernight. The gel was then stained according to the directions providedby Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, Mo.) ProteoSilver Plus Silver Stain Kit.

TLR Ligand Adsorption.TLR-9 ligand binding to the nano-alum formulationswas assayed by silver-stain SDS-PAGE using the same centrifugation anddilution preparation, gel conditions, and staining kit. Presence of adark brown band between the 3-6 kDa range indicated that TLR-9 ligandwas present on the gel. TLR-4 ligand binding to the nano-alumformulations was assayed by centrifuging the TLR-4 ligand with thenano-alum formulations and testing the supernatant for presence ofunbound TLR-4 ligand diluted 1:5 into mobile phase A (75:15:10 [v:v:v]methanol:chloroform:water with 20 mM ammonium acetate and 1% aceticacid). Each supernatant sample was injected at 50-pi volume onto aWaters Co. (Milford, Mass.) Xbridge BEH Shielf RP18 column attached toan Agilent Model 1100 HPLC (Santa Clara, Calif.). A gradient consistingof mobile phases A and B (1:1 [v:v]methanol:chloroform with 20 mMammonium acetate and 1% acetic acid) was run over 25 minutes. Detectionwas done by an ESA Biosciences (Chelmsford, Mass.) Coronoa ChargedAerosol Detector (CAD). Quantitation was performed using a GLA standardinfected at different volumes in mobile phase B to create a standardcurve.

XRD.X-ray powder diffraction analysis was performed on four samples sentto Triclinic Labs (West Lafayette, Ind.) to determine the effect ofvaried processing on the same PEGylated lipid/Alhydrogel® composition.Samples were ultracentrifuged and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)analyses were carried out of the still-wet solids and the supernatantliquids. The Rigaku Smart-Lab X-ray diffraction system (The Woodlands,Tex.) was configured for reflection Bragg-Brentano geometry using a linesource X-ray beam. The S-ray source is a copper long fine focus tubethat was operated at 40 kV and 444 mA. That source provides an incidentbeam profile at the sample that changes from a narrow line at highangles to a broad rectangle at low angles. Beam conditioning slits areused on the line X-ray source to ensure that the maximum beam sixe isless than 10 mm both along the line and normal to the line. TheBragg-Brentano geometry is a para-focusing geometry controlled bypassive divergence and receiving slits with the sample itself acting asthe focusing component for the optics. The inherent resolution ofBragg-Brentano geometry is governed in part by the diffractometer radiusand the width of the receiving slit used. Typically, the RigakuSmart-Lab is operated to give peak widths of 0.1 ° 2Θ or less. The axialdivergence of the X-ray beam is controlled by 5.0° Soller slits in boththe incident and diffracted beam paths Samples were placed inlow-background, silicon holders using light manual pressure to keep thesample surfaces flat and level with the reference surface of the holder.Each sample was analyzed from 2 to 40 ° 2Θ using a continuous scan of 6° 2Θ per minute with a effected step size of 0.02 ° 2Θ. Each data setwas digitally filtered to remove low-frequency responses. Examination ofthe resulting patterns allowed identification of two distinctlydifferent crystalline responses: Gaussian-style peaks andLorentzian-style peaks. Gaussian-style peaks are normally associatedwith microcrystalline material, and is used to designate materialscontaining both crystalline and amorphous regions. Lorentzian-stylepeaks are normally associated with nanocrystalline materials, andcontain crystallites that are nanometer sized.

CryoEM Analysis of Nanoalum Formulations

CryoEM analysis was performed by NanoImaging Services. Briefly, samplesfor EM analysis were preserved in vitrified ice supported by holeycarbon films on 400-mesh copper grids. Each sample was prepared byapplying a 3 μL drop of sample suspension to a cleaned grid, blottingaway with filter paper, and immediately proceeding with vitrification inliquid ethane. Grids were stored under liquid Nitrogen until transferredto the electron microscope for imaging. Electron microscopy wasperformed using an FEI Tecnai T12 electron microscope, operating at 120keV equipped with an FEI Eagle 4 k×4 k CCD camera. Vitreous ice gridswere transferred into the electron microscope using a cryostage thatmaintains the grids at a temperature below −170° C. Images of each gridwere acquired at multiple scales to assess the overall distribution ofthe specimen. After identifying potentially suitable target areas forimaging at lower magnifications, high magnification images were acquiredat nominal magnifications of 110,000× (0.10 nm/pixel), 52,000× (0.21nm/pixel) and 21,000× (0.50 nm/pixel). The images were acquired at anominal underfocus of −2 μm (110,000×), −3 μm to −2 μm (52,000×) and −5μm (21,000×) and electron doses of ˜9-42 e/Å2.

Generation of Nanoalum Formulations-Development of Sizing Agents PEGNanoalums-Pegylated Phospholipid Sizing Agents

Aluminum oxyhydroxide (alum) in solution generally aggregates intolarger typical crystalline arrays or sheets. Unprocessed alhydrogel®forms larger typical crystalline arrays or sheets of aluminum hydroxidemolecules of 1 micron or larger in unprocessed alum formulations. Indata not shown, experiments were performed to determine if milling orprocessing by microfluidization of aluminum hydroxide solutions aloneunder various conditions would result in nanoalum formulations, howeverwe were unable to determine a condition under which microfluidization ofstock aluminum hydroxide alone would yield a stable nanoalumformulation.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it was theorized that theaddition of a sizing agent or stabilizing agent may be required toprevent or disrupt the aggregation of the aluminum hydroxide molecules.Phospholipids are routinely added as emulsifiers and stabilizers ofmicrospheres in aqueous solutions, and were initially chosen as sizingagents Initial experiments were performed to test whether inclusion ofsizing agents such as phospholipids during milling or processing of thealum solutions could result in nanoalum formulations. Experiments wereperformed on the inclusion of a single phospholipids species DSPE, DPPEand DMPE with differing acyl chain lengths of 18, 16, and 14 carbonsrespectively. In data not shown, the phospholipids tested were not foundto be effective sizing agents and did not prevent aggregation of thealum molecules.

Additional experiments were performed to determine if the addition of apolyethylene glycol moiety linked to the phospholipid would create aneffective sizing agent. In order to evaluate whether inclusion of asizing agent could disrupted aggregation of the alum molecules toproduce a nanoalum formulation, a PEG5000-DSPE stock solution was milledby microfluidization at 30 k PSI for 10 passages and immediately mixedbench top with the stock aluminum hydroxide solution to yield an 8 mg/mlPEG5000-DSPE:4 mg/ml Alhydrogel® formulation. CryoEM analysis of theadmixed microfluidized pegylated phospholipid: aluminum hydroxideformulation demonstrated that admixing aluminum hydroxide with themicrofluidized pegylated lipid does not disrupt the formation of thelarger crystalline aggregates of alum and does not produce a nanolumformulation.

Subsequent experiments were performed to determine if nanoalumformulations could be produced by addition of the sizing agent duringthe milling or processing of the stock alum formulation. A series ofexperiments were performed to evaluate DSPE, DPPE, and DMPE pegylatedphospholipids with a range of molecular weight polyethylene glycolmoieties (ranging from 750-5000 kD Mr) linked to a variety ofphospholipids with differing acyl chain lengths (DSPE, DPPE, DMPE havingacyl chain lengths of 18 carbon, 16 carbon and 14 carbon respectively)admixed with stock alum formulations during the milling or sizingprocess under by under various conditions were performed to determine ifthe addition of the sizing agent during milling or processing of thealum could produce a nanoalum formulation Formulations were analyzed forparticle size by Malvern analysis and cryoEM analysis. Milling orprocessing alum in the presence of a sizing agent such as a pegylatedphospholipid produced nanoalum formulations with particle sizes rangingfrom approximately 400-70 nm (Table 4 and data not shown).

Analysis of data presented demonstrates that the method or conditionsused to mill the alum in the presence of the sizing agent can producenanoalum formulation having different defined particle sizes.Unprocessed alum has a size of approximately 1000-10,000 nm (Table 4).Mixing alum in the presence of 5000 kD molecular weight PEG-DSPE as asizing agent (e.g., 8 mg:4 mg sizing agent:alum), with a Silverson mixerat 5000 rpm for 5 minutes produces a nanoalum formulation with anaverage particle size of approximately 400 nm (Table 3 and data notshown). Microfluidization at 10 k PSI for 1 passage of a 5000 kDmolecular weight PEG-DSPE admixed alum (e.g., 8 mg:4 mg sizing agentalum) produces a nanoalum formulation with an average particle size ofapproximately 120-130 nm. Processing the admixed alum 5000 kD molecularweight PEG-DSPE solution for 6, 10, 15 or up to 20 passages producesnanolaum formulations with an average particle size 70 nm (Table 3 anddata not shown). The data in Table 4 as well data not presenteddemonstrates that changing the processing either by changing the millingor sizing equipment (for example a silverson mixer or microfluidizer) orconditions of milling (for example for a microfluidizer by varying thePSI or number of passages) of alum in the presence of the sizing agentcan produce a nanoalum formulation having a range of nanoparticle sizes(400 nm, 120 nm, 70 nm). Based on the data presented one of ordinaryskill in the art could mill or process alum in the presence of a sizingagent such as a pegylated lipid using well recognized techniques andequipment such as a high energy source or high energy input to achieve ananoalum formulation of a desired size range.

Further analysis of the data in Table 4 and data not shown demonstratethat a wide range of molecular weights of the PEG moieties linked to theDSPE phospholipid produce effective sizing agents. As demonstrated inTable 4 and data not shown varying the PEG length from 750 to 2000 to5000 kD (Table 3 and data not shown) did not affect the particle size ofthe nanoalum formulation when milled under the milling conditionsdetermined to produce a 70 nm particle size nanoalum formulation. Thuspegylated phospholipid sizing agents of the present disclosure cancomprise a wide range of molecular weight polyethylene glycol moieties.

Experiments were performed to determine if varying the ratio of alum tothe pegylated phospholipid sizing agents could be used to control theparticle size of the nanoalum formulation.

The data presented in Table 4 indicate that varying the ratio of sizingagent to alum can be used to affect the particle size of the nanoalumformulation. For example, to reproducibly produce nanoalums with averageparticle sizes of approximately 300-400 nm for a DSPE-PEG5000 sizingagent can be produced at a ratio of 1:1 of alum to sizing agent whereasincreasing of sizing agent to 1:1.5 or 12 reproducible producesnanoalums of approximately 100 nm or 70-80 nm respectively. Comparingthe DSPE-PEG2000 sizing agent, the DPPE-PEG-5000 or the PA A200 sizingagents demonstrate that the optimal ratios of alum to sizing agent inthe range of 1:2-1:3 reproducibly produces nanoalums of 70-80 nm alums.In addition the data in Table 4 and data not shown demonstrate that theacyl chain length of the pegylated phospholipid did not affect theability sizing agent to produce nanoalums of the desired size range.Varying acyl chain lengths of 18 carbons (18C DSPE), 16 carbons (16CDPPE) and 14 carbons (14C DMPE) of the pegylated phospholipid when mixedwith the alum formulation and milled by the same process all producednanoalum formulations having the same particle size (Table 4 and datanot shown). Thus pegylated phospholipid sizing agents of the presentdisclosure can comprise phospholipids with differing acyl chain lengths.

Reducing PH via Concentrated HCL, HNO₃, and Proprionic Acid

Dramatic reduction of the pH of alum using concentrated acid whensubjected to milling via ultrasonication for five minutes producednanoalum formulations of the present disclosure. Both concentratedhydrochloric and nitric acid added to achieve a final pH of 1.0 weretested and both produced nanoalum formulations of 324 nm (data notshown) with high polydispersity. Thus concentrated acid solutions may besuitable as sizing agents to produce nanoalum formulations for certainaspects of the present disclosure. However, since a final pH of 1.0 forthe nanoalum formulation may not be advantageous for all aspects of thepresent disclosure including delivery of proteins, peptides, and nucleicacids, additional acids with a lower overall pH profile were evaluatedfurther.

Briefly, 4 mM Oleic acid was mixed with water to get 30 ml emulsion.This mixture was treated with Ultra sonic probe (at 40% power) for 10min. Equal volumes of a 1.6% volume by weight Alhydrogel® stock solutionwas mixed with an equal volume of the emulsified oleic acid solution toproduce an Alhydrogel®:Oleic acid formulation 0.8 v %:2 mM Oleic acidwhich was further sonicated for 10 min using Ultra sonic probe at the40%.power. The resulting nanoalum had a particle size of 194 nm and afinal pH of 2.4. Thus for certain aspects. Oleic Acid is a suitablesizing agent for nanoalum formulations.

Alum was sonicated as described above in with stirring and the additionof 5% Acetic Acid till the pH was adjusted to 6.1, 5.1, or 4.5. AceticAcid as a sizing agent produced effective nanoalum formulations withaverage particle sizes of approximately 100-130 nm. In addition thenanoparticles of the formulation were positively charged as measure byZeta potential. Thus for some aspects of the present disclosure, aceticacid may be an effective sizing agent to produce nanoalums of thepresent disclosure.

PAA Nanoalums-Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) as a Sizing Agent

For initial experiments the use of PAA as a sizing agent to producenanoalums was evaluated by mixing under strong stirring 40 g of 0.4 wt %of alum was with a 20 wt % solution of PAA and the pH adjusted to pH 6.0with concentrated ammonium hydroxide resulting in nanoalums of particlesizes of approximately 140 nm with negatively charged nanoparticles asmeasured by Zeta potential.

For subsequent experiments, briefly 20% by weight of PAA was mixed witha stock alum solution, the pH adjusted to 6.6 with sodium hydroxide andmilled using a 110P microfluidizer Based on data from development of thePEG nanoalum formulations, the formulation was milled viamicrofluidization with 4° C. recirculation and evaluated at 30 k psi for3, 6, 10, and 15 passes respectively. 3 or 6 passes yielded nanoalumswith particle sizes of approximately 100 nm with no appreciable effectin particle size observed between 3 and 6 passages. Increasing thenumber of passages from 10 to 15 consistently produced nanoalums ofapproximately 70-85 nm particle size and good polydispersity. Forsubsequent experiments 10 passages was utilized. The data indicate thatPAA is an effective sizing agent for nanoalum formulations.

Stability and Characterization of Nanoalum Formulations

The data showed that nanoalum formulation can be generated by milling inthe presence of suitable sizing agents such as pegylated lipids andpolyacrylic acid. However for commercialization as a deliveryformulation for drugs or biologics, a desirable characteristic of theformulation is that the particle size should be stable over time.Experiments were performed to determine if aqueous PEG nanoalum or PAAnanoalum formulations were stable and maintained the initial particlesize or did not increase in size or aggregate beyond an average size of200 nm when milled to a 70 nm initial particle size. Briefly PEGnanoalum formulations and PAA nanoalums were prepared as previouslydescribed and stored at 4° C. as indicated. Triplicates samples wereremoved at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months afterpreparation and assessed for particle size and polydispersity asdescribed herein. The data in FIG. 1B for the PAA nanoalum formulationsdemonstrates that the PAA nanoalum formulations are incredibly stableand maintain an average particle size of approximately 75 nm over 1, 3,and 6 months as tested and beyond to 12 months (data not shown).Similarly the PEG nanoalum formulations shown in 1C are also remarkablystable and maintain an average particle size of around 75 nm for aperiod of 1, 3, 6, 9 and up to 12 months when measured by dynamic lightscattering with a Malvern Zetasizer.

Long term stability at 2-8° C. is an important characteristic forvaccine formulations, but maintenance of cold chain storage can be alimiting factor for delivery of vaccines for global health. We testedwhether the nanoalum formulation of the present disclosure werethermostabile over a range of temperatures (25° C., 37° C. and 65° C.)over a time period of 4 weeks. Briefly triplicates samples were storedat the desired temperature and assayed for changes in average particlesize and polydispersity as measured by dynamic light scattering using aMalvern zetasizer. We further analyzed the affect the PEG length andacyl chain length might have on thermostability of the aqueous nanoalumformulations by evaluating PEG5000-DSPE (18 carbon acyl chain length),PEG2000-DMPE (14 carbon acyl chain length), PEG2000-DPPE (16 carbon acylchain length) PEG750-DSPE (18 carbon acyl chain length), and PEG200-DSPE(18 carbon acyl chain length). The data in FIG. 1D-F demonstrates thatPEG2000-DSPE was extremely stable at temperatures up to 25° C. and 37°C. with little to no aggregation or change in particle size at 0, 2 or 4weeks and even at 60° C., was stable for up to 2 weeks. Even at 4 weeksat 60° C. the PEG2000-DSPE nanoalum formulation demonstrated only aslight increase in particle size and still had an average particle sizeof 114 nm indicating that nanoalums containing sizing agents may notrequire cold chain storage. Nanoalum formulations of PEG5000-DSPE (PEGlength 5000 and acyl chain length of 18C), PEG2000-DPPE (PEG length 2000and acyl chain length of 16C) and PEG750-DSPE (PEG length 750 and acylchain length of 18C) demonstrated thermostability at 25° C. and 37° C.for 0, 2 and 4 weeks, but at 60° C. were thermolabile and demonstratedparticle aggregation at 2 and 4 weeks with average particle sizesgreater than 2000 nm. Interestingly the nanoalum formulationPEG2000-DMPE (PEG length 2000 and acyl chain length of 14C) was stableat 25° C. for up to 4 weeks and at 37° C. for 2 weeks but at 37° C. and60° C. was not stable and demonstrated particle aggregation with averageparticle sizes greater than 2000 nm. Thus the nanoalum formulations ofthe present disclosure demonstrate enhanced thermostability.Thermostability of nanoalum formulations may not only allow for greaterglobal access to areas without dedicated cold chain storage, but alsomay reduce the overall cost the formulation. In the figure legends,QG194 is PEG5000-DSPE; QG195 is PEG2000-DMPE; QG196 is PEG2000-DPPE;QG197 is PEG750-DSPE, QG198 is PEG2000-DSPE.

In order to further assess the stability of the nanoalum we evaluatedthe effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the colloidal stability of alum andnanoalum formulations. The pre-freeze particle size of formulations weremeasured using Horiba LA-960 for alum formulation and Malvern Zetasizerfor nanoalum formulations. Formulations were frozen in a dry ice/acetonebatch then thawed in a 37C water bath. Particle sizes were measured andcompared before and after the freeze-thaw cycle. The mean particle sizeof Alhydrogel® 85 (alum) increased 160% after one freeze-thaw cycle,indicating failure of colloidal stability. The mean particle size of(nanoalum-poly(acrylic acid)) showed no significant change in particlesize after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. The mean particle size of nanoalum-PEGincreased 273% after 1 freeze thaw cycle, indicated failure of colloidalstability. Alhydrogel® 85 adjuvant is colloidally unstable after onefreeze thaw cycle, suggesting poor resistance to the destabilizingeffects of freezing. On the other hand, nanoalum stabilized withpoly(acrylic acid) shows excellent stability after repeated freeze-thawcycles, which can facilitate long-term cryo-preservation of nanoalum-PAAformulations.

Alum is an attractive adjuvant that has been described to bind or adsorbprotein antigens through the electrostatic interactions (involving theAl3+ ion or negatively-charged counter ion) [11], metal ion coordinationand hydrogen bonding with water molecules and hydroxyl groups [9], [10]and [12]; and in some cases hydrophobic interactions [13]. There is somedebate in the field regarding the extent to which, if at all, proteinadsorption is required for the adjuvant property of alum. We testedwhether nanoalums of the present disclosure with a much smaller surfacearea and particle size compared to alum would efficiently adsorbantigens. Briefly, Prior to centrifugation, samples were mixed in thefollowing order: alum formulation, TLR ligand (GLA or CpG 5 μg), antigen(TB fusion protein ID93(0.5 μg), and diluent (saline or glycerolsolution). Samples were centrifuged 30 minutes at 35,0000×g at 4° C. and30 μl of sample from the unpelleted supernatant was mixed with 10 μl of4× reduced LDS Sample Buffer. 20 μl was loaded into a 12 lane SDS-PAGEgel with 8 μl of SeeBlue2 Prestained Standard. Each gel was run for 55minutes at 190 V and then placed into a fixing solution of 50:40:10Et0H:CH3C00H:H2O for a minimum of 2 hours or up to overnight. The gelwas then stained with ProteoSilver Plus Silver Stain Kit to determine ifID93 was present in the supernatant or was pelleted due to adsorption toalum. The data demonstrated (Data not shown) that the sizing agentspresent in nanoalum formulations do not interfere with binding orassociation of antigen or adjuvants and are suitable as deliveryvehicles for bioactive agents of the present disclosure. In order toconfirm that the sizing agent, PEG-5000 DSPE, would not interfere withprotein adsorption to alum or interfer with the assay in general, theID93 fusion protein was admixed with the TLR4 adjuvant, GLA, and alum.The absence of the 62 Kd ID93 band on the gel confirms that DSPE-PEG5000does not block adsorption of antigen to the micron (0.5-1.0 micron)sized alum particles. The nanoalum formulations of the presentdisclosure with particle sizes of less than 100 nm containing the sizingagent PEG DSPE of differing PEG lengths of 5000, 2000, or 750 or a fixedPEG length of 2000 linked to a phospholipids of differing acyl chainlengths of 18 carbons (DSPE), 16 carbons (DPPE) or 14 carbons (DMPE) areequally capable of adsorbing the fusion protein ID93 as demonstrated bythe absence of the 62 Kd ID93 band on the gel (Data not shown). Thus thereduction in the average surface area or particle size of a nanoalumformulation does not result in a decreased adsorption of proteinsantigens making them particularly useful formulations for vaccines.

We next characterized the concentration of the aluminum hydroxidepresent in nanoalum panicles of the present disclosure. Briefly nanoalumformulations containing sizing agents of varying PEG lengths (5000,2000, 750) or phospholipids with varying acyl chain lengths (18 C-DSPE,16C-DPPE, or 14C DMPE were processed as described herein and thealuminum content was assessed by ICP-OES testing (FIG. 2). The data inFIG. 2 demonstrate nanoalum formulations comprising varying sizingagents contain the predicted alum content when prepared with PEG sizingagents of differing PEG lengths linked to phospholipids of varying acylchain lengths. Nanoalum formulations comprised of sizing agents withphospholipids of 18C (DSPE) and varying PEG lengths of 5000 (sample 1),2000 (samples 2-4) and 750 (sample 5) produced from stock 4 mg/ml alumformulations and the indicated sizing agents milled by microfluidizationat 30,000 psi for 10 passes at 4° C. contain roughly equivalent amountsof the predicted 4 mg/ml starting value as measure by ICP-OES testingranging from 3.9 mg/ml for PEG750-DSPE (sample 5) to 4.5 mg/ml forPEG2000-DPPE (sample 3). Interesting both the alum milled in the absenceof the sizing agent as well as unprocess alum contained lowered alumcontent (3.2 mg/ml for sample 6 and and 3.4 mg/ml for sample 7respectively).

The data demonstrate that processing or milling of aluminum hydroxide(Alhydrogel®) in the presence of an appropriate sizing agent can producestable nanoalum formulation suitable for delivery of agents of thepresent disclosure. Sizing Agents of the present disclosure includewithout limitation pegylated phospholipids and PAA.

Example 2 Use of PEG5000 and PAA Nanoalum Formulations for the Deliveryof Proteins or Peptides (e.g., IP97) to Stimulate an Immune Response

To assess the potential for modifications to aluminum hydroxide(Alhydrogel®) that result in smaller alum particles on the scale of 100nm to promote a Th1-skewed immune response we generated two nanoalumadjuvants, one based on polyacrylic acid (PAA) and one based on PEG5000.To test the adjuvant potential of these candidates we immunized 8 weekold female C57B1/6 mice (5 per group) purchased from The JacksonLaboratory with the recombinant antigen, ID97—a recombinant fusion offour proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Rv1886, Rv3478, Rv3619,and Rv2875 ID97 was delivered either alone or adjuvanted with alum (100μg), PAA, nanoalumPAA 1:1 (100 μg of alum, 70 nm particle size),nanoalumPEG (100 μg of alum, 70 nm particle size), or the TLR4 agonistadjuvant GLA-SE as a positive control for Th1 induction. Mice wereimmunized once intramuscularly. Seven days after immunization weassessed the ID97-specific CD4⁺ T cell response by stimulatingsplenocytes with ID97 in the presences of the Golgi inhibitor BrefeldinA or leaving ceils unstimulated. Cells were then stained for surfaceexpression of CD4, CD8, and CD44, as well as intracellular expression ofCD154, IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-17A. Antigen specificresponses were calculated as the frequency of CD4⁻ T cells making aresponse in the ID97 stimulated samples minus the unstimulated samples.FIG. 3A shows the results for Th1 responses in each group. As expectedthe unadjuvanted, alum adjuvanted and PAA adjuvanted groups show a lowfrequency of 1097-specific CD4⁺ T cells based on recall expression ofCD154 (a marker for antigen-specificity but not specific for Th1, TH2,or Th17 commitment). Surprisingly the PAA-based nanoalum induced arobust CD4⁺ T cell response that was characterized by the production ofthe Th1 hallmark cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2. The level of responsewas similar to that achieved with the positive control adjuvant GLA-SE.The quality of the humoral response was also assessed 7 days afterimmunization. Only the PAA-based nanoalum and the positive controlGLA-SE augmented the ID97 specific IgG2c and IgG titers (FIG. 3B-D).Class switching to IgG2c is influenced by induction of IFN-γ producingTh1 cells, thus this skewing is supportive of PAA-based nanoalumaugmenting Th1 responses. Surprisingly PAA-based nanoalum also promotedIgG1 antibody titers, unlike GLA-SE, suggesting it may have a uniquemode of action. PAA nanoalum has unique and surprising adjuvantproperties to program TH1 responses. Further, these responses are notjust a property of the PAA component as that did not have Th1 adjuvantactivity on its own.

To elucidate the mechanism by which PAA-based nanoalum augments Th1immunity to vaccine antigens we assessed the concentration of key Th1augmenting cytokines in the draining lymph nodes of immunized mice 1 dayafter intramuscular immunization (FIG. 4A-C). IL-12p70 and IL-18 areboth crucial for inducing IFN-γ and IP-10 is an early IFN-γ-induciblecytokine. Compared to saline or alum immunization PAA-based nanoalumaugmented expression of both IL-18 and IL-12p70 at 1 day afterimmunization. This likely augmented early expression of IFN-γ as IP-10expression was also increased in the animals given PAA-based nanoalum.The PEG based nanoalum also increased IL-18, but not IL-12p70 or IP-10expression further indicating the unique properties of the PAA-basednanoalum. To determine whether this early IL-18 induction was importantfor the Th1 programming we determined the Th1CD4⁺ T cell profile inwildtype C57B1/6 mice and IL-18R^(−/−) mice which are insensitive toIL-18. Compared to the wildtype mice, PAA-based nanoalum failed toinduce a Th1 response to the ID97 antigen (FIG. 5).

Taken together these data support the finding that PAA-based nanoalumadjuvants and potentially other nanoparticle alum based adjuvants haveunique adjuvant properties compared to alum. These propertiesspecifically include induction of innate cytokines that program Th1immunity including IL-18 and IL-12p70 as well as IFN-γresponsivecytokines such as IP-10. Further compared to alum, PAA-based nanoalumand potentially other nanoalums augment induction of CD4⁻ T cells with aTh1 profile (IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2 secretion upon antigen stimulation) andaugmentation of IgG2c class switching and antigen-specific antibodytiters. These processes depend on activation of the 1L-18:IL18Rsignaling axis. Augmentation of Th1 responses to vaccine antigens hasprimarily relied on inclusion of known Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonistssuch as MPL, GLA, SLA, CpG, polyIC:LC, or Pam2CSK4. To our knowledgethis is the first non-TLR containing adjuvant that can robustly promoteTh1 immunity. This has many potential vaccine adjuvant applicationsincluding vaccines against diseases such as pertussis, tuberculosis,leprosy, malaria, HIV, leishmaniasis, and influenza.

In data not shown, PAA nanoalum formulations with TB vaccine antigenID93 also demonstrated enhanced Th1-type adjuvant activity as comparedto unprocessed alum.

Example 3. Use of PAA Nanoalum Formulations to Deliver Nucleic AcidAgents

Based on the improved stability, inexpensive and terminallysterializable large scale amenable manufacture of the nanoalums of thepresent disclosure we evaluated whether nanoalum formulations werecapable of efficient delivery of RNA. We benchmarked the performance ofthe nanoalum formulations against a cationic emulsion described in theart. Briefly, the cationic emulsion was prepared as described in the art(5) with the resulting emulsion 0.5% w/vol Span 85, 5.0% v/vol Squalene,0.4% w/vol DOTAP and 0.5% w/vol Tween 80. Replicon RNA was derived froma modified alphaviral genome wherein the structural proteins includingcapsid and the E glycoprotein (C-E3-E2-6K-E1) are removed, and replacedwith a luciferase gene. Briefly the RNA expression vector was a repliconRNA vector expressing luciferase driven by a subgenomic promoterconstructed from a modified alphaviral genome deleted of structuralproteins including capsid and the E glycoprotein (C-E3-E2-6K-E1) butcontaining all non-structural genes (ns1-ns5), necessary for replicationand expression of the RNA in the cell. To analyze luciferase in vivo asdelivered by the RNA replicon and the PAA nanoalum, C57/BL6 mice wereanesthetized, shaved and immunized intamuscularly (i.m.) in the thighwith 250 ul of the indicated formulation plus and minus RNA at dosesindicated. The RNA dose (concentration) was confirmed prior to injectionby measurement using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer Immunized mice weresubjected to anesthesia, shaved and RNA expression assessed using anIVIS Illumina II imager for sixty seconds at 24 hours, 4 days and 7 dayspost injection. Animals were imaged and relative luminescence units on alog scale was obtained. The examples herein are presented utilize thePAA nanoalum formulations but should not be construed as limiting inscope for nanoalums disclosed herein.

Mice Immunized with RNA Replicon Expression Vectors Formulated withNanoalum Express RNA In Vivo. To evaluate the ability nanoalums todeliver RNA, mice were injected (3 mice per group) as described with 250ul of 1:3 PAA nanoalum formulation or a control cationic emulsionformulation as described herein and the replicon RNA at a dose of 1 ugor 0.1 μg. Controls included a saline vehicle, cationic emulsion, PAAnanoalum, or naked replicon RNA at a dose of 30 μg, 1 μg or 0.1 μg.Unformulated replicon RNA expression was not detectable at 24 hoursexcept in one animal that received the highest dose of 30 μg ofluciferase replicon RNA (data not shown). However by days 4 and 7, allanimals immunized with 30 μg of unformulated lucerifase replicon RNAvector had detectable expression compared to vehicle (saline) controls(data not shown). None of the animals that received 1 μg or 0.1 μg ofnaked replicon RNA had any detectable expression. At a 30-fold lowerdose of RNA (1 μg of RNA replicon) admixed with the control cationicemulsion formulation all three animals at 24 hours, 4 days or 7 dayspost-delivery had detectable luciferase expression (data not shown)demonstrating that the cationic emulsion enhanced the delivery of theRNA replicon resulting in dose sparing as defined by the effect ofhaving equivalent or greater expression of the RNA replicon compared tothe unformulated material. The same 30-fold lower dose of RNA (1 μg ofRNA replicon) admixed with a PAA nanoalum formulation also demonstratedluciferase expression in one out of three animals at 24 hours and in allimmunized animals at 4 days and 7 days respectively (data not shown). At300-fold lower dose of RNA (100 ng of RNA replicon) admixed with thecontrol cationic formulation, 3 of 3 animals at 24 hours and 2 of 3animals day 4 or day 7 expressed detectable luciferase (data not shown).At 300-fold lower dose of RNA (100 ng of RNA replicon) admixed with thePAA nanoalum formulation 1 of 3 animals at 24 hours and 2 of 3 animalsat days 4 or day 7 expressed detectable luciferase (data not shown).

The image data described above was quantified via Circular ROI fromLiving Image SOFTWARE AND IS PRESENTED GRAPHICALLY IN FIGS. 6A-C. THERELATIVE LUMINESCENCE DATA WAS expressed on a log scale, groupedaccording to formulation (unformulated, control cationic emulsion, andPAA nanoalum in the far left, middle and far right panes respectively)and by dose of the replicon vector delivered 0 μg (meg), 1 μg (meg), and0.1 μg (meg) respectively) at 24 hours (FIG. 6A), 4 days (FIG. 6b ) and7 days (FIG. 6C). The data demonstrate that at 24 hours post injectionthe RNA replicon admixed with the cationic emulsion at doses 30- and300-fold (1, or 0.1 μg) lower than unformulated RNA (30 μg) demonstratedequivalent expression to the unformulated RNA At 24 hours the PAAnanoalum formulated replicon RNA at the same doses 30 and 300 fold (1,or 0.1 μg) lower than unformulated RNA (30 μg) demonstrated lowerexpression (FIG. 6A) compared to the cationic emulsion but by days 4 and7 post injection the RNA admixed with the either the control cationicemulsion or the PAA nanoalum demonstrate approximately equivalentexpression (FIGS. 6B and C) at both 1 μg (meg), and 0.1 μg (meg) doses.The data demonstrate that the PAA nanoalum formulations are capable ofdelivery and expression of replicon RNA vectors and have dose sparingproperties compared to unformulated RNA.

We next tested whether the sizing agent, PAA, in the nanoalumformulation affected the delivery or expression of the RNA repliconvectors (FIG. 7). In order to determine whether PAA alone wasresponsible for luciferase expression from the RNA replicon vector, micewere immunized with the unformulated RNA replicon (7A), PAA alone plusthe RNA replicon (7B), control cationic emulsion plus RNA replicon (7C),or PAA nanoalum plus RNA replicon (7D) at a dose of 30 μg forunformulated replicon or 1.0 μg and 100 ng for the formulated RNAreplicons. Luciferase expression was assessed using an IVIS Illumina IIimager and the image data was quantified via Circular ROI as describedat 24 hours post injection. The data demonstrate that PAA alone (7B)does not deliver and/or induce an expressible level of an RNA repliconat doses of 0.1 or 1.0 μg whereas the same doses of the RNA repliconformulated or admixed either with the control cationic emulsion or PAAnanoalum demonstrates detectable luciferase expression at levels roughlyequivalent to the 30-300-fold higher deliver of the unformulated RNAreplicon. The data demonstrate that the sizing agent alone, PAA, is notcapable delivering and/or inducing an expressible level of protein fromthe RNA replicon.

The previous experiments demonstrated the nanoalum formulations of thepresent disclosure are capable of delivering an RNA replicon which isexpressible and demonstrates dose sparing properties when compared to anaked RNA replicon. We next determined if the nanoalum formulation couldefficiently deliver a messenger RNA (FIG. 8). To test this we purchaseda capped (Cap 0) and polyadenylated mRNA FLuc mRNA optimized formammalian systems and modified with pseudouridine and 5-methylcytidinethat mimics a fully processed mature mRNA (Luc mRNA) from TrilinkBiotechnologies. The mRNA expresses a luciferase protein, originallyisolated from the firefly, Photinus pyralis. Briefly, the mice (3 pergroup) were immunized as described with unformulated RNA, mRNAformulated with PAA nanoalum or mRNA formulated with control cationicemulsion at RNA doses of 1 μg, 1 ug or 0.1 μg and RNA. RNA expressionassessed using an IVIS Illumina II imager at 6 hours, 24 hours (FIG. 8A)and 5 days (FIG. 8B) and the imaged data was quantified via CircularROI. The data in FIG. 8A at 24 hours post injection demonstrates animals that received unformulated mRNA (left group) had detectable luciferaseexpression at both the 10 μg and 1 μg mRNA dose level but not at 0.1 μg.However both the control cationic formulation and the PAA Nanoalumformulation (FIG. 8A middle and far right groups) not only expressequivalent levels of mRNA at all doses (10 μg, 1 μg, and 0.1 μg) whencompared to each other, but they also demonstrate increased levels ofexpression (>30 fold) at the 1 μg dose compared to the unformulated mRNAand have detectable levels of expression at the 0.1 μg RNA dosedemonstrating dose sparing properties of the nanoalum formulation. At 5days post injection (FIG. 8B) the unformulated mRNA demonstratesdetectable expression of LUC at the 1 μg RNA dose, albeit at lowerlevels, but no luciferase mRNA expression is detected at the lower dosesof 1 μg and 0.1 μg. Interestingly, 5 days post injection mice receivingthe control cationic formulated mRNA demonstrate no detectableexpression of the mRNA at any of the doses delivered, 1 μg, 1 μg, 0.1 μg(left group and middle). However, mice receiving the PAA Nanoalumformulated mRNA (far right groups) not only expresses >10 fold higherlevels of mRNA at the 10 μg dose but also demonstrate detectableexpression at the 1 μg dose demonstrating dose sparing properties of thenanoalum formulation even at 5 days post-delivery of the mRNA. We thencompared the expression kinetics of the animals receiving unformulated,cationic emulsion formulated, or PAA nanoalum formulated mRNA at the 1μg dose of mRNA (FIG. 8C) at 6 hours, 24 hours and 5 days post-deliveryin vivo. The data demonstrate that the animals that were immunized withmRNA formulated with nanoalum formulations have increased and relativelysteady state levels of expression of the mRNA over five days (□)compared to either unformulated mRNA (•) or the control cationicemulsion formulated mRNA (Δ) which had a rapid decline in expression.

The decline of expression of mRNA expression by day 5 when delivered bycontrol cationic liposomes has been reported in the literature and wasnot unexpected, however the persistent expression of the unformulatedmRNA or the nanoalum formulated mRNA was surprising and interestingly,at 5 days there still was a 10-fold dose sparing effect observed. Therelative level of expression of the 10 μg dose was roughly equivalent 1μg RNA dose for the nanoalum formulated mRNA. Without wishing to bebound by theory, we hypothesized that the nanoalum formulations of thepresent disclosure may stabilize the mRNA construct.

Based on the surprising stability of the in vivo expression of the mRNAformulated with the nanoalums of the present disclosure, we furtherexamined whether the nanoalums of the present disclosure stabilized RNAin vitro. In order to test this, we admixed 1 μg of the RNA repliconwith control cationic or PAA formulations and stored this admixture as asingle vial preparation at 4° C. for 1 hour, 4 hours, or 24 hours.Unformulated replicon RNA stored at 4° C. for 1 hour, 4 hours, or 24hours served as the control. These admixed single vial formulations werethen used to immunize mice (3 per group) and RNA expression was assessedusing an IVIS Alumina 11 imager and data quantified via Circular ROI 1day (FIG. 9A) and 5 days (FIG. 9B) post in vivo delivery. The datademonstrate that unformulated RNA replicons had no detectable expressionwhen stored at 4° C. for either 4 or 24 hours post admix whether assayed24 hours or 5 days post in vivo delivery. However detectable expressionis demonstrated if the RNA replicon is administered either immediately(time 0) or 1 hour after storage at 4° C. when assessed at 24 hours or 5days post in vivo delivery either unformulated, formulated with cationicliposomes, or formulated with the PAA nanolaum. The unformulated RNA hadno detectable expression when stored at 4° C. for 4 hours or 24 hoursdue to the relative instability of RNA as has been reported in theliterature. Comparing the data for the unformulated RNA replicon to thedate for the control cationic or nanoalum formulated RNA replicon theRNA replicon when admixed and stored as a single vial at 4° C. for 1, 4,or 24 hours prior to in vivo administration demonstrated roughlyequivalent expression as measured at 1 day (FIG. 9A) or 5 days (FIG.9B). We further analyzed the data by analyzing scatter plots (FIG. 9C-E)directly comparing the data for the control cationic formulation, PAAnanoalum, and unformulated replicon RNA respectively. RNA whenadministered immediately after admix with the replicon RNA (T=0, 9C),administered 4 hours after admixing and storage at 4° C. (T=1 h, 9D) oradmixed and stored for 24 hours (T=24 h, 9E) at 4° C. had comparablelevels of expression at day 5 post administration, demonstrating thatthe nanoalum formulated RNA is stable when admixed as a single vialformulation at 4° C. for up to 24 hours.

Using RNA encoding reporter genes in the examples presented herein wehave demonstrated that the nanoalums of the present disclosure are: (1)capable of delivery of an in vivo expressible form of an polynucleotideagent and specifically an RNA agent whether the RNA form delivered is anmRNA or expression vector RNA construct; (2) the nanoalum formulationsallow for dose sparing delivery of the RNA vectors, meaning thatequivalent expression of the RNA is achieved for the nanoalumformulations at doses of the RNA at least 30-300 times lower thanunformulated RNA; and (3) the nanoalum formulations of the presentdisclosure enhance the stability of the RNA agent both in vivo and invitro. Having developed and characterized the properties of thenanoformulation delivery of RNA, we evaluated the ability of thenanoalum formulations to deliver an RNA that results in stimulation ofan immune response in a host.

In order to evaluate the ability of an RNA antigen delivered by ananoalum formulation of the present embodiments we analyzed the immuneresponse in mice immunized with an RNA replicon expressing the EMCHfusion polypeptide formulated with the nanoalums of the presentdisclosure.

Construction of the EMCH Fusion Polypeptide. The fusion polypeptidereferred to as EMCH was generated by the tandem linkage of an openreading frame of polynucleotides encoding a methionine initiation codon(ATG) added to the 5′ end of a fragment of the carboxyl-terminus of theputative mitochondrial HSP70 (8E or 8) polypeptide, thecarboxyl-terminal fragment of the open reading frame of polynucleotidesencoding the malate dehydrogenasepolypeptide, the carboxyl-terminalfragment of the cysteine proteinase B polypeptide (CpB, CPB or C), andan open reading frame of polynucleotides encoding a fragment of theamino terminus of the histone H2BN polypeptide (H2BN, h2Bn, or H). EMCHhas a 2,631 polynucleotide sequence which encodes amino acids 509 to 660of the carboxyl-terminus of the putative mitochondrial HSP70 (8E or 8)polypeptide from L. infantum polynucleotide, 460 to 1425 which encodesamino acids 1 to 322 of the carboxy terminus of the malate dehydrogenasegene from L. infantum, polynucleotide 1426 to 2295 which encodes aminoacids 154 to 443 of the carboxyl-terminal fragment of the cysteineproteinase B polypeptide (B), and polynucleotides 2297 to 2631 whichencodes amino acids 1 to 111 of the amino terminus of the histone H2BN(H) polypeptide from L infantum The 877 amino acid fusion polypeptidewas expressed in E. coli and purified by column chromatography Nucleicacids components and methods of making and using are described morefully in WO2014/160985 which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

Briefly, mice were immunized with 10 μg or 0.1 μg of an alphavirus RN Areplicon vector encoding the Leishmania fusion RNA polynucleotide, EMCH,either as an unformulated naked RNA control, RNA replicon admixed withcontrol cationic liposomes or RNA replicon admixed with RNA PAAnanonalum formulations at time 0 and all groups were boosted three weekslater. Splenocytes were harvested and analyzed for recall antigenspecific T cell responses as determined by intracellular cytokinestaining after in vivo stimulation with the EMCH polypeptide four weeksafter the last boost. Cytokine production from immunized micesplenocytes was analyzed for EMCH-specific CD44hi CD4+ memory T cells asmeasured by flow cytometry. Antigen stimulated spenocytes wereidentified by intracellular cytokine staining based on CD3 and CD4expression and were further gated on CD44 high cells. CD44high CD4+ Tcells were further stained for intracellular CD154, IFN-γ, IL2, TNFα,GM-CSF. IL-17 and IL-5 EMCH specific CD44high CD4+ T cells exhibitedpolyfunctional T cell responses positive for IFN-γ, TNFα and 1L-2typical of antigen specific leishmania responses The data (10A-D)demonstrate that immunization with 100 fold lower doses of EMCH RNA, 0.1ug, formulated with control cationic liposomes or PAA nanoalum generatesapproximately equivalent percentages of CD4+ CD44 high CD154, IFN-γ,IL-2 or TNFα single positive cytokine staining T cells as 10 μg ofunformulated RNA The 0.1 jig dose of unformulated RNA replicondemonstrates little or no detectable staining. Thus the nanoalumformulations of the present disclosure are capable of delivery an RNAencoding an antigen of pathogen as a vaccine formulation that stimulatesan immune response in a vaccinated host.

We further characterized the quality of the immune response to theLeishmania polypeptide expressed by the RNA vector when deliveredformulated with the nanoalum of the present disclosure. A hallmark of aprotective Leishmaniasis immune response includes the presence ofpolyfunctional antigen specific T cells that secrete multiple cytokines.We analyzed CD4+ CD44 high T cells for polyfunctional T cells responses.The data (FIG. 10E) demonstrate that mice immunized with 100 ng of theEMCH RNA replicon formulated with PAA nanoalum (hatched bar) or theformulated with the control cationic emulsion (diagonal slashed bar) hadequivalent numbers of triple positive IFN γ, IL-2 and INFα CD4+ CD44high T cells compared to the 10 μg unformulated RNA (solid black bar)immunized animals. Double positive cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-2 orIL-2 and TNFα were also present. The data demonstrate PAA nanoalumformulations are capable of delivering RNA that is expressed atsufficient at levels sufficient to generate relevant antigen specificimmune responses characteristic of vaccines.

Example 4 Use of PEG Nanoalum Formulations) PEGs of Various Lengths) forthe Delivery of Proteins or Peptides (ID93) to Stimulate an ImmuneResponse

Experiments were performed to test if the nanoalum formulations of thepresent disclosure could deliver a protein or polypeptide agent alone orin combination with other agents (specifically TLR agonists) tostimulate an immune response in a host.

Animal Models. Briefly, experimental animals and 6-8 week old femaleCB57BL/6 mice were purchased from The Jackson laboratory or CharlesRiver and maintained in Specific Pathogen Free conditions.

ID93 is a fusion protein that incorporates four M. tuberculosis peptideRv1813, Rv2620, and Rv2608, and Rv3619, produced as previously described[14].

Splenocytes were isolated from four to five animals per treatmentregimen. Red blood cells were lysed using Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer(eBioscience) and resuspended in RPMI 1640, 10% FBS. Total viable cellswere enumerated using ViaCount assay with a PC A system (GuavaTechnologies), plated at 2×106 cells/well in 96-well plates andstimulated for 2 hours with media or ID93 (10 μg/mL) at 37° C. GolgiPlug(BD Biosciences) was added and the cells were incubated for anadditional 8 hours at 37° C. Cells were washed and surface stained withfluorochrome labeled antibodies to CD4 (clone GK1.5), CD44 (clone IM7)and CD8 (clone 53-6. 7) (BioLegend and eBioscience) in the presence ofanti-mouse CD16/32 for 20 minutes at 4° C. Cells were washed andpermeabilized with Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD Biosciences) for 20 minutes atroom temperature. Cells were washed twice with Perm/Wash (BDBiosciences) and stained intracellularly with fluorochrome labeledantibodies to CD154 (clone MR1) IFN-γ done XMG-1.2), TNF (MP6-XT22),GM-CSF (MP1-22E9), IL-17A (clone TCI 1-18H10), and IL-5 (TRFK5)(BioLegend and eBioscience) for 20 minutes at room temperature. Cellswere washed and resuspended in PBS. Up to 10⁶ events were collected on afour laser LSRFortessa flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) Cells were gatedas singlets >lymphocytes >CD4+ CD8->CD44hi> cytokine positiveID93-specific response frequencies were determined by subtracting thefrequency of response positives of unstimulated cells from ID93stimulated cells in matched samples.

Antibody Responses

Mouse sera were prepared by collection of retro-orbital blood intomicrotainer serum collection tubes (VWR International, West Chester,Pa.) followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Each serumsample was then analyzed by antibody capture ELISA. Briefly, ELISAplates (Nunc, Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 2 μg/ml recombinantantigen ID93 in 0.1 M bicarbonate buffer and blocked with 1% BSA-PBS.Then, in consecutive order and following washes in PBS/Tween20, seriallydiluted serum samples, anti-mouse IgG1 or IgG2c-HRP (all SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, Ala.) and ABTS-H₂O₂ (Kirkegaard and PerryLaboratories, Gaithersburg, Md.) were added to the plates. Plates wereanalyzed at 405 nm (ELX808, Bio-Tek Instruments Inc, Winooski. Vt.).Midpoint titers were calculated using Prism software (GraphPad Software,Inc.) to determine the sigmoidal dose-response curve using the leastsquares fit method.

Previously published data in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis modeldemonstrated that mice immunized with fusion polypeptide ID93 formulatedwith GLA/SE induced greater ID-93 specific IgG2c responses, indicativeof a Th1 biased response (Baldwin 2012). Published data also indicatesthe Alum formulations, however, have generally induce a greater Th2response as demonstrated by greater IgG1 antibody responses We evaluatedwhether changing the average particle size of the nanoalum formulationwould affect the quality of the immune response generated to the ID93fusion polypeptide. In order to evaluate this, animals were immunized onday zero intramuscularly in the quadriceps with 0.5 μgID93 admixed with100 μg micron alum (e.g., unprocessed alum that is commerciallyavailable) which served as the control formulation or 0.5 μg ID93admixed with 100 ng PEG nanoalum formulations (PEG 5000-DSPE as thesizing agent milled such that the resulting formulations have averageparticle sizes of 400 nm, 130 nm, or 75 nm) plus or minus 5 μg of theTLR4 agonist SLA on day zero. On day 21 post immunization animals werebled and sera were collected and analyzed for ID93 specific antibodyresponses as described. The antibody midpoint titers for ID93 specificIgG1 at day 21 (FIG. 11A) and for IgG2c (FIG. 11B) demonstrate thatanimals immunized with ID93 admixed with the SLA-SE formulation generateboth ID93 specific IgG1 and IgG2c antibody titers with a slight increasein the IgG2c titer indicative of a Th1 response as we have previouslydescribed. Immunization of mice with the ID93 fusion polypeptide alonedid not result in measure able IgG1 or IgG2c antibody titers asexpected. Immunization with alum formulations having particle sizes of1-10 microns demonstrated a pronounced bias toward a Th2 response asindicated by high IgG1 antibody titers and low titer IgG2c titers aspredicted in the literature. These controls were compared to PEGnanoalum formulations comprising PEG-5000 DSPE as the sizing agentmilled or sized by varying the methods (silverson mixing at 5000 rpm for5 minutes, microfluidization at 10 k PSI for one passage or 10 passagesat 30 k PSI) as described in Example 1 to produce nanoalums of 400 nm,130 nm, or 75 nm particle sizes respectively. The data demonstrate (FIG.11A) that the 400 nm PEG nanoalum formulations induce the same endpointIgG1titer as the unprocessed aluminum formulations. The 130 nm and 75 nmparticle sized PEG nanoalum formulations also produce a high day 21 IgG1midpoint filers although reduced roughly in half compared to the alum orthe 400 nm particle size PEG nanoalum. The data demonstrate that none ofthe PEG nanoalum formulations tested resulted in measureable IgG2c ID93antibody titers in immunized mice. In order to determine if addition ofthe TLR4 agonist to the admixed nanoalum formulation could bias theresponse to produce a Th1 response as measure by IgG2c, mice were alsoimmunized with the TLR 4 agonist, SLA plus the ID93 antigen and the PEGnanoalum formulations. The data demonstrate that the admixing the TLR4agonist SLA with the alum formulation or the 400 nm particle size PEGnanoalum formulation had a negligible effect on the midpoint titer ofID93 specific IgG1 responses, but admixing SLA with the 130 nm or 75 nmparticle sized PEG nanoalums trended toward increases in the midpointID93 specific IgG1 responses. Similarly the data presented in FIG. 11Banalyzing ID93 antigen specific IgG2c day 21 midpoint titersdemonstrated ID93 IgG2c titers are induced when SLA is added to the 400nm, 130 nm, or 75 nm particle size PEG nanoalum formulations compared tono detectable titers in animals immunized with ID93/PEG nanoalums in theabsence of SLA. The data indicate that PEG nanoalums are capable ofeliciting a Th2 biased immune response, but PEG nanoalum formulationswith particle sizes of 130 nm or less have ID93 IgG1 titers that arereduced roughly in half compared to alum or 400 nm PEG nanoalum.Interestingly, addition of a TLR 4 agonist, SLA, nearly restoredmagnitude of the Th2 biased response to that of the traditional alumformulation. In addition, while no ID93 specific IgG2c antibody titerswere detected for mice immunized with the ED93PEG nanoalums, addition ofthe TLR4 agonist, SLA, to the ID93/PEG nanoalum vaccine compositions didresult in production of IgG2c, indicating some biasing of the responseto Th1 by SLA.

Mice immunized with PEG nanoalum formulations comprising eitherpegylated phospholipid sizing agents with differing PEG lengths or thesame PEG length linked to Phospholipids of Differing Acyl Chain Lengthsand Admixed with TB Fusion Peptide ID93 Plus the TLR4 agonist SLA elicitantigen specific immune responses. Table 5 presents a table of theexperimental groups comparing adsorption of 0.5 μg of the fusion protonID93 to 100 μg of traditional 1-10 μm particle sized alum formulationsbench mixed with PEG-5000 DSPE (without milling or processing) plus 5 μgof the TLR4 agonist SLA with microfluidized nanoalum formulationscomprising the sizing agent PEG-DSPE having differing PEG lengths of5000, 2000, or 750 adsorbed to 0.5 μg of the fusion protein ID93 plus 5μg of SLA and nanoalum formulations with a pegylated phospholipid sizingagent having a defined PEG length of 2000 and phospholipids of differingacyl chain lengths of 18 carbons (DSPE), 16 carbons (DPPE) and 14carbons (DMPE).

TABLE 5 PEG Acyl chain Group Vaccine length Length Alum Size 1 ID93 — —— 2 ID93-SLA-alum/PEG 5000 DSPE 18C 1-10 μm 3 ID93-SLA-PEG-Nanoalum 5000DSPE 18C ~70 nm 4 ID93-SLA-PEG Nanoalum 2000 DSPE 18C ~70 nm 5ID93-SLA-PEG Nanoalum  750 DSPE 18C ~70 nm 6 ID93-SLA-PEG Nanoalum 2000DPPE 16C ~70 nm 7 ID93-SLA-Nanoalum 2000 DMPE 14C ~70 nm 8 ID93 +SLA-alum 1-10 μm

Mice immunized with a dose of 5 μg of the TLR agonist SLA and 0.5 μg ofthe ID93 fusion protein adsorbed to 100 ug PEG nanoalum formulations(PEG-DSPE as the sizing agent) with PEG lengths of 5000, 2000, or 750and particle sizes of approximately 70 nm elicit ID93 antigen specificIgG1 antibody titers measured as Midpoint titers at day 21. FIG. 12Ademonstrates that equivalent IgG1 titers are elicited in mice immunizedwith traditional 1-10 μm particle sized alum formulations and 70 nmnanolaum formulations comprising the sizing agent PEG-DSPE with PEGlengths of 5000, 2000 or 750 or PEG lengths of 2000 linked tophospholipid acyl chain lengths of 18(DSPE) or 16 (DPPE) carbons.Nanoalum formulations having a phospholipid with an acyl chain length of14 carbons (DMPE) and a PEG length of 2000 have IgG1 titers reduced byroughly half compared to the other nanoalum formulations. FIG. 12Bdemonstrates that a dose of 100 ug of a 70 nm particle sized nanolaumformulation comprising the sizing agent PEG-DSPE with PEG lengths of5000, 2000 or 750 or PEG lengths of 2000 linked to phospholipid acylchain lengths of 18(DSPE) or 16 (DPPE) carbons adsorbed to 0.5 μgID93plus 5 μg of the TLR4 agonist, SLA, elicit antigen specific IgG2cantibody titers indicative of a Th1 bias although the response isroughly half that seen with an alum formulation of1-10 μm particlesizes. Nanoalum formulations having a phospholipid with an acyl chainlength of 14 carbons (DMPE) and a PEG length of 2000 do not demonstrateany appreciable ID93 IgG2c. FIG. 12C demonstrates that ID93 nanoalumformulations induce antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Cytokine productionfrom immunized mice was analyzed for ID93-specific CD44hi CD4+ memory Tcells as measured by flow cytometry. Splenocytes from vaccinated micestimulated with ID93 for 12 hours in the presence of GolgiStop andID93-stimulated splenocytes were identified by intracellular cytokinestaining based on CD3 and CD4 expression and were further gated onCD44high cells. CD44high CD4+ Tcells were further stained forintracellular CD154, IFN-γ, TNF, GM-CSF, IL-17 and IL-5. ID93 specificCD44high CD4+ T cells exhibited polyfunctional T cell responses positivefor TNFα and IL-5 typical of antigen specific ID93 responses,demonstrating that these nanoalums can be an effective vehicle for theTLR4 agonist SLA to induce Th1 immunity to the ID93 antigen.

Example 4, Generation of Chitosan-, Dextran- andPoly(allylamine)-Nanoalum Formulations

Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been administered in humans andanimals since the mid-1920s. The term alum is used broadly to generallyclassify any aluminum-based adjuvant used in vaccines, but chemicallythese are primarily aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlO(OH)) or aluminumphosphate (AlPO₄ also referred to as Al(OH)_(x)(PO₄)_(y)). AlO(OH) ispoorly crystalline as evidenced from its x-ray diffraction (XRD)pattern, the crystal structure is pseudoboehmite, which is one of themany metastable phases of the stable corundum (α-Al₂O₃) phase. Thesurface of AlO(OH) is cationic and thus most suitable for adsorption ofanionic antigens. TEM imaging shows fibrous nanoparticles withcalculated average dimensions of 4.5×2.2×10 nm, which form aggregateswith a broad size distribution from 5-10 microns in suspension. Aluminumphosphate, contrary to its name consists both phosphate and hydroxidecounterions in non-stoichiometric amounts, has a net negative (anionic)surface charge and thus most suitable for adsorption of cationicantigens. Unlike AlO(OH), aluminum phosphate is anhydrous to x-rays andconsists of ˜50 nm disc-shaped particles that form loose aggregates ofapproximately 4 μm in median diameter. Described herein are examples ofaluminum-based nanoparticle adjuvants (nanoalum) manufactured usingcommercially available micron-sized alum (e.g. Alhydrogel® or AdjuPhos®)as starting material and microfluidizing it in the presence ofstabilizing agents

Nanoalum-Chitosan using AdjuPhos® (Al(OH)_(x)(PO₄)_(y)) adjuvant: Thefollowing describes a general method to synthesize nanoalum usingAdjuPhos® as the alum precursor and a low molecular weight chitosan(50,000-190,000 Da based on viscosity of 20-300 cP of 1 wt % solution in1% acetic acid at 25° C.) with 75-85% degree of deacetylation (DD) asthe stabilizing agent.

Materials

Name Vendor Lot# mw [g/mol] Stock conc (if app) Adju-Phos Brenntag 9255n/a 5 mg Al/ml Chitosan Sigma STBF8219V 50,000- n/a (low mw) 190,000

AdjuPhos® adjuvant concentration (10 ml at 5 mgAl/ml; 50 mg Al) was keptconstant and stabilized with varying amounts of chitosan. Prior tomixing, a predetermined of chitosan was dissolved in 40 ml of mildlyacidic 0.12 M sodium acetate/0.02 M acetic acid buffer, pH=5.4. Afterdissolving completely, the chitosan solution (40 ml) was mixed with 10ml of AdjuPhos® (50 mg aluminum), mixed for 5 minutes in silverson highshear mixer at 5,000 rpm and then microfluidized at 30,000 psi for 22discrete passes in LM20 high shear microfluidizer (Microfluidics). Themicrofluidized material was visually turbid but transluscent Compositionof various Adjuphos®-derived nanoalums stabilized with chitosan isprovided in Table 6 below. The hydrodynamic diameter reduced with numberof passes as shown in FIG. 13A. For the same homogenization process, thehydrodynamic diameter trended lower with increasing chitosan fraction(13B). On average, the zeta potential of nanoalum-chitosan formulationswas +20 mV.

TABLE 6 Compositions of nanoalums manufactured using Adjuphos ® asstarting material and low molecular weight chitosan (~120,000 Da,minimum 85% DD) as stabilizing agent. Lot# if applicable QG777 QG778Adju-Phos  0.10%  0.10%  0.10%  0.10%  0.10% [% w/v Al] chitosan (lowmw)  0.07%  0.30%  0.59%  0.033%  0.007% [% w/v] Final volume [ml] 50 5050 50 50

Nanoalum-Dextran using Alhydrogel® (AlO(OH)) adjuvant—The followingdescribes a general method to synthesize nanoalum using Alhydrogel® asthe alum precursor and dextran sulfate (40,000 Da) as the stabilizingagent.

Materials

mw Stock conc Name Vendor Lot# [g/mol] (if app) Alhydrogel 85 Brenntag85561 n/a 10 mg Al/ml dextran sulfate (40 kDa) Alfa Aesar X18C022 40000n/a

Alhydrogel® adjuvant concentration (10 ml at 10 mgAl/ml; 100 mgaluminum) was kept constant and stabilized with varying amounts ofdextran sulfate. Prior to mixing, a predetermined of dextran sulfate wasdissolved in 40 ml of DI water. 10 ml of Alhydrogel® (100 mg Al) wasadded to 40 ml of dextran sulfate solution, mixed for 5 minutes insilverson high shear mixer at 5,000 rpm and then microfluidized at30,000 psi for 15 discrete passes in LM20 high shear microfluidizer(Microfluidics). The microfluidized material was clear to transluscentand sterile filtered with 200 nm PES membrane Composition of variousAlhydrogel®-derived nanoalums stabilized with dextran sulfate isprovided in Table 7 below. The hydrodynamic diameter reduced with numberof passes as shown in FIG. 14A. On average, the zeta potential ofnanoalum-dextran formulations was −40 mV. Particle stability dataavailable at the time of this report show no significant change in sizeof nanoalum-dextran (lot QG774 shown as example) up to 3 months aftermanufacturing date (FIG. 14B).

TABLE 7 Composition of nanoalums manufactured using Alhydrogel asstarting alum material and dextran sulfate (40 kDa) as stabilizing agentLot# if applicable QG772 QG773 QG774 Alhydrogel ® [% w/v Al]  0.20% 0.20%  0.20% Dextran sulfate [% w/v]  0.437%  2.186%  0.219% Finalvolume [ml] 50 50 50

Nanoalum-Chitosan using Alhydrogel® (AlO(OH) adjuvant. The followingdescribes a general method to synthesize nanoalum using Alhydrogel® asthe alum precursor and chitosan (15,000 Da, minimum 85% DD) as thestabilizing agent.

Materials

Name Vendor Lot# [g/mol] Alhydrogel ® 85 Brenntag 85561 naChitosan-15000 Polysciences 697180 15000 10× PBS Gibco 1836480 na Aceticacid, glacial Fischer chemical 162521 60.05

Native alhydrogel (AlO(OH)) has a cationic surface charge and thuselectrostatically repels chitosan, which is also cationic. In order toadsorb chitosan to Alhydrogel®, the latter must undergo surfacemodification via phosphate ligand exchange. For phosphate exchange,Alhydrogel® (10 mgAl/ml) was mixed with 10× PBS at 1:2 volume ratio andallowed to react for 24-48 hours at 37C on an orbital shaker. Phosphateexchanged Alhydrogel® (PE-Alhydrogel®) was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for15 minutes and the clear supernatant decanted. The pelletedPE-Alhydrogel® was then dispersed in DI water and thecentrifugation-decanting step was repeated 3 times to wash out thephosphate buffer. The final washed PE-Alhydrogel® pellet was dispersedin Dt water at a concentration of 10 mgAl/ml and stored at roomtemperature. Zeta potential measurement of Alhydrogel® before and afterphosphate exchange confirmed that surface charge was successfullytransformed from cationic to anionic (FIG. 15A). A 2% w/v chitosansolution in 1% v/v acetic acid was prepared as a stock solution formixing with PE-Alhydrogel®. 10 ml of PE-Alhydrogel® (100 mg Al) wasmixed with varying amounts of chitosan prepared by diluting the 2% stockchitosan solution with DI water. Example mixing conditions are listed inTable 8.

TABLE 8 Examples of PE-Alhydrogel ® and chitosan mixing conditions.Alhydrogel Chitosan-15 kDa (lot# 85561) volume from 2% MilliQ Total [ml]w/v stock [ml] [ml] [ml] 10 1.25 38.75 50 10 2.5 37.5 50 10 25 15 50 102.5 37.5 50

Each 50 ml of PE-Alhydrogel® and chitosan mixture was homogenized withsilverson high shear mixer at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes, thenmicrofluidized at 30,000 psi in continuous mode for 5 minutes at 110ml/min using the M110P microfluidizer (Microfluidics). Themicrofluidized material was white opalescent and nearly transparent.Composition of example lots synthesized is provided in Table 9. Particlesize of pre-filtered nanoalum-chitosan material from DLS is shown inFIG. 15B. In general, the Z-average diameter was positively related tothe amount of chitosan used. Formulations were filtered with 200 nm PESmembrane, when filtration was possible, and stored at 4° C. On average,zeta potential of nanoalum-chitosan formulations was +20 mV

TABLE 9 Compositions of Alhydrogel ®-derived nanoalum stabilized withchitosan (15 kDa, minimum 85% DD). Chitosan-15 Lot Size Aluminum kDaAcetic acid Name [ml] [mg/ml] [mg/ml] [mM] QG851 50 2 1 8.7 QG850 50 20.5 4.4 QG849 50 2 1 8.7 QG845 50 2 2 17.5

The z-average hydrodynamic diameter increases over time but, dependingon the amount of chitosan used, plateaus at around 300-500 nm Secondly,the rate of size increase is temperature dependent—size increases morerapidly at higher temperatures—suggesting that size increase isendothermic and potentially driven by an increase in entropy.

Nanoalum-poly(allylamine) using Alhydrogel® (AlO(OH) adjuvant—Thefollowing describes a general method to synthesize nanoalum usingAlhydrogel® as the alum precursor and poly(allylamine) (15,000 Da) asthe stabilizing agent.

Materials

Name Supplier Lot# Conc. Alhydrogel ® 85 Brenntag 85595 10 mg/mlPoly(allylamine) Polysciences 698574 15% w/v PBS Gibco 1836480 10×

Native Alhydrogel® (AlO(OH)) has a cationic surface charge and thuselectrostatically repels poly(allylamine), which is also cationic. Inorder to adsorb poly(allylamine) to Alhydrogel®, the latter must undergosurface modification via phosphate ligand exchange. For phosphateexchange. Alhydrogel® (10 mgAl/ml) was mixed with 10× PBS at 1:2 volumeratio and allowed to react for 24-48 hours at 37C on an orbital shaker.Phosphate exchanged Alhydrogel® (PE-Alhydrogel®) was centrifuged at 2500rpm for 15 minutes and the clear supernatant decanted. The pelletedPE-Alhydrogel® was then dispersed in DI water and thecentrifugation-decanting step was repeated 3 times to wash out thephosphate buffer. The final washed PE-alhydrogel pellet was dispersed inDI water at a concentration of 10 mgAl/ml and stored at roomtemperature. Zeta potential measurement of Alhydrogel® before and afterphosphate exchange confirmed that surface charge was successfullytransformed from cationic to anionic. To synthesize nanoalum stabilizedwith poly(allylamine), 10 ml of PE-alhydrogel (100 mg Al) was mixed withvarying amounts of 15% w/v poly(allylamine); example mixing ratios aresummarized in Table 10. Since the free base form of poly(allylamine) wasused, pH of the PE-alhydrogel and poly(allylamine) mixture was between 8and 11, and thus required adjustment to 7 using 6M HCl.

TABLE 10 Examples of mixing ratios used to prepare Alhydrogel ®-derivednanoalum stabilized with poly(allylamine). PE-alum Poly(allylamine);volume DI water Total [ml] from 15% w/v stock [ml] [ml] [ml] 10 0.3339.67 50 10 0.67 39.33 50 10 3.33 36.67 50

To produce stable nanoalum, the PE-Alhydrogel® and poly(allylamine)mixture was mixed for 5 minutes using the Silverson high shear mixer at5,000 rpm, and then microfluidized at 30,000 psi for 5 minutes at 110ml/min using the Ml 10P microfluidizer (Microfluidics). Themicrofluidized material was nearly transparent and was sterile filteredwith 200 nm PES membrane Nanoalum particle size, shown in FIG. 16increased with poly(allylamine) content. On average, zeta potential ofnanoalum-poly(allylamine) formulations was around +20 mV. Composition ofexample nanoalum-poly(allylamine) formulations prepared is provided inTable 11.

TABLE 11 Examples of Alhydrogel ®-derived nanoalum formulationsstabilized with poly(allylamine) Aluminum Poly(allylamine) Lot# Lot Size[ml] [mg/ml] [mg/ml] QG861 50 2 0.5 QG860 50 2 1 QG859 50 2 2 QG858 50 210 QG854 50 2 20

Nanoalum-poly(allylamine) for formulating RNA-based vaccines—To evaluatecompatibility of nanoalum-poly(alllylamine) to complex with RNA we mixed1 μg of a 10 kb self-replicating RNA, encoding a Zika antigen, withdiluted nanoalum-poly(allylamine) formulations containing 1 mg/ml (lotQG860), 2 mg/ml (lot QG859) or 20 mg/ml (lot QG854) poly(allylamine).The nanoalum complexed RNA samples, along with naked RNA controls, wereassayed on a gel retardation assay (GRA) to evaluate each formulation'sability to bind RNA and loading capacity QG859 (2 mg/ml poly(allylamine)undiluted) bound 100% of RNA at 1/200 dilution (0.01 mg/mlpoly(allylamine)). Similarly, QG860 (1 mg/ml poly(allylamine) undiluted)bound 100% of RNA at 1/100 dilution (0.01 mg/ml poly(allylamine)). Bothformulations showed similar binding characteristics that correlated withthe amount of poly(allylamine). On the other hand, QG854 (20 mg/mlpoly(allylamine) undiluted) bound nearly 100% RNA even at 1/4000dilution (0.005 mg/ml poly(allylamine)).

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1. A nanoalum particle comprising: an aluminum salt; and a sizing agentcomprises a PEG linked to a lipid; wherein a size of the nanoalumparticle ranges from about 1 nm to about 450 nm, and wherein a weightratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agent is about 1:1-1:3.
 2. Thenanoalum particle of claim 1, wherein the size of the particles is theZ-average as determined by dynamic light scattering.
 3. The nanoalumparticle of claim 1, wherein the aluminum salt is selected from thegroup consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide gel, AlPO₄,AlO(OH), Al(OH)(PO₄), and KAl(SO₄)₂.
 4. The nanoalum particle of claim1, wherein the sizing agent is PEG linked to a phospholipid.
 5. Thenanoalum particle of claim 4, wherein the phospholipid is selected fromthe group consisting of DSPE, DPPE, DMPE, and DLPE.
 6. The nanoalumparticle of claim 1, wherein an average molecular weight of the PEGranges from about 750 Daltons to about 5000 Daltons.
 7. The nanoalumparticle of claim 6, wherein the average molecular weight of the PEG isabout 2000 Daltons or about 5000 Daltons and the lipid is selected fromthe group comprising DSPE and DPPE.
 8. The nanoalum particle of claim 1,wherein the nanoalum particle is in a liquid formulation which isfilter-sterilized.
 9. The nanoalum particle of claim 1, wherein thenanoalum particle is stable: in a liquid formulation at about 0° C. toabout 8° C. for at least about 1 month; after repeated freeze-thawcycles; or in a liquid formulation at about 37° C. for at least about 1month.
 10. The nanoalum particle of claim 1, wherein an averagemolecular weight of the PEG is about 2000 Daltons, the lipid is DSPE,and the nanoalum particle is stable in a liquid formulation at about 60°C. for at least about two weeks.
 11. The nanoalum particle of claim 1,wherein the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 300 nm toabout 400 nm, an average molecular weight of the PEG is about 5000Daltons, and the weight ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agentis about 1:1.
 12. The nanoalum particle of claim 1, wherein the size ofthe nanoalum particle is about 100 nm, an average molecular weight ofthe PEG is about 5000 Daltons, and the weight ratio of the aluminum saltto the sizing agent is about 1:1.5.
 13. The nanoalum particle of claim1, wherein the size of the nanoalum particle ranges from about 70 nm toabout 80 nm, an average molecular weight of the PEG is about 5000Daltons, and the weight ratio of the aluminum salt to the sizing agentis about 1:2.
 14. A method of making the nanoalum particle of claim 1comprising: subjecting the aluminum salt to a high energy source in thepresence of the sizing agent; or subjecting the aluminum salt to a highenergy source to produce the nanoalum particle with the size rangingfrom about 1 nm to about 450 nm and mixing the sizing agent with thenanoalum particle within about 30 minutes after subjecting the aluminumsalt to the high energy source.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thehigh energy source is at least one of a microfluidizer, an extruder, asonicator, a high shear mixer, or a homogenizer.
 16. The method of claim14, wherein subjecting the aluminum salt to the high energy sourcecomprises 1 to 10 passes through the high energy source.
 17. The methodof claim 14, wherein the high energy source is a microfluidizer and themixture comprising the aluminum salt alone or in the presence of thesizing agent is passed through the microfluidizer about 10 passes.
 18. Acomposition comprising the nanoalum particle of claim 1 and a bioactiveagent.
 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein more than about 75% ofthe bioactive agent is associated with the nanoalum particle in thecomposition as determined by gel electrophoresis.
 20. The composition ofclaim 18, wherein the bioactive agent is a polypeptide, a fusionprotein, a full-length protein, a peptide, a peptide mimetic, apolynucleotide, an antigen, a Rig-I agonist, ID97, an adjuvant, adiagnostic agent, a therapeutic agent, or an organism.
 21. Thecomposition of claim 18, wherein the composition further comprises anadjuvant selected from the group consisting of a AS-2, monophosphoryllipid A, 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A, IFA, QS21, CWS, TOM,AGPs, CpG-containing oligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor (TLR)agonists, Leif, saponins, saponin mimetics, biological and syntheticlipid A, imiquimod, gardiquimod, resiquimod, polyI:C, flagellin, GLA,SLA, STING, and combinations thereof.
 22. A method of stimulating animmune response in a subject comprising administering the composition ofclaim 18, to a subject, thereby stimulating an immune response in thesubject.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the immune response isprimarily a TH1 immune response, primarily a TH2 immune response, orboth a TH1 and a TH2 immune response or the immune response involvesactivation of B-cells, activation of T cells, production of antibodies,or release of cytokines.
 24. A method of delivering a bioactive agent toa cell in a subject comprising administering to the subject acomposition comprising (a) the nanoalum particle of claim 1 and (b) abioactive agent, thereby delivering the bioactive agent to the cell inthe subject.